| 1. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics from tyre and road wear: a literature review
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This literature review concerns microplastics from tyre and road wear caused by road traffic. As there is limited knowledge about microplastics in general, and microplastics from road traffic in particular, the Swedish Government commissioned the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to, during 2018-2020, develop and disseminate knowledge about microplastics from road traffic. The chapters in this report summarises existing knowledge about microplastics from road traffic with respect to the following aspects: sources, spread and presence; effects on and risk to the environment and human health; characteristics and chemical composition; tyre and road wear; sampling methods; analysis and sample preparation; and measures. The report also includes a chapter with overall conclusions, and a chapter about further research, development and investigation needs. The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for reducing the generation and spread of microplastics from road traffic. One aim of the report is to collate and disseminate knowledge about microplastics generated by tyre and road wear, and to review the current level of knowledge. A second aim is to identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in relation to microplastics from road traffic. This literature review is based on a review of scientific articles and reports, as well as technical literature and some information from experts and industry.
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| 2. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage : en kunskapssammanställning
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna kunskapssammanställning handlar om mikroplast från vägtrafikens däck- och vägslitage. Eftersom kunskapen om mikroplaster från vägtrafiken är begränsad samtidigt som däckslitage bedöms vara den största källan till utsläpp av mikroplast i Sverige, gav regeringen inom ramen för sitt arbete med plast och mikroplast Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) i uppdrag att under 2018– 2020 ta fram och sprida kunskap om mikroplast från vägtrafiken. Varje kapitel i denna rapport sammanfattar befintlig kunskap om mikroplast från vägtrafiken avseende en eller flera aspekter. Dessa aspekter är: källor, spridning och förekomst; miljö- och hälsoeffekter samt risker; egenskaper och kemisk sammansättning; däck- och vägslitage; provtagningsmetoder; analys- och provberedningsmetoder samt åtgärder. Dessutom finns ett kapitel med sammanfattande slutsatser och allra sist ett kapitel om forsknings-, utvecklings- och utredningsbehov.Syftet med rapporten är att den ska utgöra ett underlag för att minska emissioner och spridning av mikroplast från vägtrafiken. Ett mål med rapporten är att sammanställa och sprida kunskap om mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage och att redogöra för nuvarande kunskapsläge. Ytterligare ett mål är att identifiera kunskaps- och forskningsbehov avseende mikroplast från vägtrafiken.Underlaget till denna kunskapssammanställning utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter samt facklitteratur och information från branschen och från experter.
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| 3. |
- Johannesson, Mikael, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Potential policy instruments and measures against microplastics from tyre and road wear : mapping and prioritisation
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report potential policy instruments and measures against microplastics from tyre and road wear are mapped, identified, and prioritised. The report has been produced within the framework of a Swedish government assignment that the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) received in December 2017 to develop and disseminate knowledge about microplastics from road traffic. The assignment states, among other things, that VTI should identify and evaluate potentially effective policy instruments and measures aimed at limiting emissions. The aim of the report is to identify potential policy instruments and measures that can reduce the load of microplastics from tyre and road wear on the environment, and to assess which should be prioritised for in-depth investigation or knowledge building. The report covers policy instruments and measures that reduce emissions, spread, and effects of microplastic particles from tyres and road markings in the environment, as well as those that contribute to increasing knowledge in the field. It contains 35 policy instrument and measure headings under which the potential policy instruments or measures concerned are specified. A total of 58 specified policy instruments and measures have been described and ranked based on assessed priority. The focus is on policy instruments and measures that help reduce the generation and emissions of tyre particles. This is motivated by the fact that tyre wear is by far the largest source of microplastics from road traffic and that it is generally most effective to take action at the source. Since there is insufficient knowledge on the impact of microplastics from tyre and road wear the risk, and thereby the need for action, cannot be assessed. Further, the lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of identified policy instruments and measures does not make it possible to set informed priorities between them on objective grounds. The assessments nevertheless made of which should be prioritised (due to assessed need of knowledge and preventive measures) are therefore more or less rough. The prioritisation of the policy instruments and measures has taken place at the levels highly prioritised, prioritised and not prioritised. In most cases, more knowledge is needed before they can be evaluated, or implemented, which is why proposals leading to direct action cannot be given. More than 40 percent of them are about promoting research or development in specific areas or in general. In conclusion, there are many potential instruments and measures to reduce the load of microplastics from tyre and road wear that have been considered to be more or less relevant for various reasons. Among the 20 that we have given high priority to, we find some particularly interesting. They are those relating to 1) reduced amount of road traffic, 2) driving behaviour, 3) tyre wear propensity 4) air pressure and wheel settings, 5) regulation of hazardous substances, 6) collection of tyre particles while driving, 7) sustainable handling of road surface water, and 8) knowledge building for the assessment of risks and need for action.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Mikael, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Potentiella styrmedel och åtgärder mot mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage : kartläggning och prioritering
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport kartläggs, identifieras och prioriteras potentiella styrmedel och åtgärder mot mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage. Rapporten har tagits fram inom ramen för det regeringsuppdrag som Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) fick i december 2017 för att ta fram och sprida kunskap om mikroplast från vägtrafiken. I uppdraget står det bland annat att VTI ska ”identifiera och utvärdera potentiellt effektiva styrmedel och åtgärder med syfte att begränsa utsläppen”. Syftet med rapporten är att identifiera potentiella styrmedel och åtgärder som kan minska belastningen av mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage på miljön, samt att bedöma vilka som bör prioriteras för fördjupad utredning eller kunskapsuppbyggnad. Rapporten omfattar styrmedel och åtgärder som minskar utsläppen, spridningen och effekterna av mikroplastpartiklar från däck och vägmarkeringar i miljön samt de som bidrar till att öka kunskapen inom området. Den innehåller 35 styrmedels- och åtgärdsrubriker under vilka det finns preciseringar som anger vad det är för potentiellt styrmedel eller åtgärd som avses. Totalt har 58 preciseringar beskrivits och rangordnats utifrån prioritering. Fokus ligger på styrmedel och åtgärder som bidrar till att minska uppkomst och utsläpp av däckpartiklar. Detta motiveras av att däckslitage utgör den allra största källan till mikroplast från vägtrafiken och att det generellt är effektivast att vidta en åtgärd vid källan. Eftersom det inte finns tillräckligt med kunskap om påverkan av mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage kan inte risken och därmed inte heller åtgärdsbehovet bedömas. Kunskapsbristen om effektiviteten hos identifierade styrmedel och åtgärder gör det inte heller möjligt att på sakliga grunder göra väl underbyggda prioriteringar mellan olika styrmedel och åtgärder. De prioriteringar som ändå görs (på grund av bedömt behov av kunskap och förebyggande åtgärder) bygger därför på mer eller mindre grova bedömningar. Prioriteringen av styrmedlen och åtgärderna har skett i nivåerna: högt prioriterad, prioriterad och inte prioriterad. I flertalet fall behövs mer kunskap innan de kan utvärderas, implementeras eller genomföras, varför förslag som leder till direkta åtgärder inte kan ges. Drygt 40 procent av dem handlar om att främja forskning eller utveckling inom specifika områden eller generellt. Sammanfattningsvis finns det många potentiella styrmedel och åtgärder för att minska belastningen av mikroplast från däck- och vägslitage som bedömts mer eller mindre relevanta av olika anledningar. Bland de 20 som vi har prioriterat högt anser vi några vara särskilt intressanta. De är de som handlar om 1) minskat trafikarbete, 2) körbeteende, 3) däckens slitagebenägenhet 4) lufttryck och hjulinställningar, 5) reglering av farliga ämnen, 6) uppsamling av däckpartiklar under färd, 7) hållbar hantering av vägdagvatten, och 8) kunskapsuppbyggnad för bedömning av risker och behov av åtgärder.
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| 5. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Acute toxicity of leachates from plastic polymer based (synthetic) textiles to Daphnia magna
- 2010
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Ingår i: Abstract book. SETAC Europe 20th annual meeting 23-27 May 2010, Seville, Science and Technology for Environmental Protection..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Synthetic fibres, made from plastic polymers and additives, are replacing natural fibres in many textiles. A lot of chemicals are needed in the fibre and textile production and several are hazardous for human health and the environment. Chemicals are released mainly during the production phase, but also during the use phase (i.e. wearing and washing) and the disposal phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the release to water of toxic chemicals from plastic polymer based (synthetic) textiles. Altogether 22 unwashed synthetic textile products, mainly clothes and clothing fabrics, but also furniture and technical fabrics, were tested. The plastic polymers present were: PET (polyester), polyamide (nylon), polyacrylonitrile (acrylic), polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (elastane), PVC and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®). The textiles were leached in deionised water at 50 degrees C for 3 days, and the water phase was tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Since the chemicals in textiles are essentially unknown for the buyer, standardized bioassays with aquatic c organisms like D. magna have an important role in identifying toxic textiles, and the use of these bioassays is recommended as part of eco-labelling systems for textiles.
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| 6. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, and epoxy to Daphnia magna.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental science and pollution research international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7499 .- 0944-1344. ; 19:5, s. 1763-1772
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: The large global production of plastics and their presence everywhere in the society and the environment create a need for assessing chemical hazards and risks associated with plastic products. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the toxicity of leachates from plastic products made of five plastics types and to identify the class of compounds that is causing the toxicity. METHODS: Selected plastic types were those with the largest global annual production, that is, polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or those composed of hazardous monomers (e.g., PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS], and epoxy). Altogether 26 plastic products were leached in deionized water (3days at 50°C), and the water phases were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Initial Toxicity Identification Evaluations (C18 filtration and EDTA addition) were performed on six leachates. RESULTS: For eleven leachates (42%) 48-h EC50s (i.e the concentration that causes effect in 50 percent of the test organisms) were below the highest test concentration, 250 g plastic/L. All leachates from plasticized PVC (5/5) and epoxy (5/5) products were toxic (48-h EC50s ranging from 2 to 235g plastic/L). None of the leachates from polypropylene (5/5), ABS (5/5), and rigid PVC (1/1) products showed toxicity, but one of the five tested HDPE leachates was toxic (48-h EC50 17-24g plastic/L). Toxicity Identification Evaluations indicated that mainly hydrophobic organics were causing the toxicity and that metals were the main cause for one leachate (metal release was also confirmed by chemical analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Toxic chemicals leached even during the short-term leaching in water, mainly from plasticized PVC and epoxy products.
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| 7. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative acute toxicity of leachates from plastic products of PP, HDPE, PVC, ABS and epoxy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Abstract book. SETAC Europe 20th annual meeting 23-27 May 2010, Seville, Science and Technology for Environmental Protection..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Plastic products can contain chemicals (additives and monomers) that are hazardous to human health and the environment. Some of them may leach during the use phase or the disposal phase which often includes dumping in oceans, land filling or littering. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna of chemicals leaching from plastic products made of five different plastic types. The tested plastic types were polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and epoxy. Altogether 26 plastic products were tested. Leaching was performed by diffusion in deionized water at 50 °C for three days, and the water phase was tested for acute toxicity to D. magna. Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) phase I was performed on toxic leachates.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Abstract book. SETAC Europe 20th annual meeting 23-27 May 2010, Seville, Science and Technology for Environmental Protection..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The large material group of plastics, with its continuously growing global production, offers many benefits to the society, but unfortunately also drawbacks. During the production phase large amounts of chemicals are needed that mostly are derived from fossil fuels. Several of these are also hazardous for human health and the environment and may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. The aim of this study was to provide guidance for distinguishing between plastic polymers made of more or less environmentally friendly substances and to identify the need for substitution of polymers and/or chemical substances used in polymer production. A hazard ranking model for environmental and human health hazard classifications was developed and applied to more than 50 plastic polymer types, representing both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Hazard ranking models, as the one in this study, can be a useful tool for comparing substances, mixtures or articles that can be used in hazard or risk assessment.
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| 10. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science of The Total Environment. - 0048-9697. ; 409:18, s. 3309-3324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1–37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV–V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1–5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.
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