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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Yuan, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding energetic disorder in electron-deficient-core-based non-fullerene solar cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science in China Series B. - : SCIENCE PRESS. - 1674-7291 .- 1869-1870. ; 63:8, s. 1159-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in material design for organic solar cells (OSCs) are primarily focused on developing near-infrared non-fullerene acceptors, typically A-DA D-A type acceptors (where A abbreviates an electron-withdrawing moiety and D, an electron-donor moiety), to achieve high external quantum efficiency while maintaining low voltage loss. However, the charge transport is still constrained by unfavorable molecular conformations, resulting in high energetic disorder and limiting the device performance. Here, a facile design strategy is reported by introducing the "wing" (alkyl chains) at the terminal of the DA D central core of the A-DA D-A type acceptor to achieve a favorable and ordered molecular orientation and therefore facilitate charge carrier transport. Benefitting from the reduced disorder, the electron mobilities could be significantly enhanced for the "wing"-containing molecules. By carefully changing the length of alkyl chains, the mobility of acceptor has been tuned to match with that of donor, leading to a minimized charge imbalance factor and a high fill factor (FF). We further provide useful design strategies for highly efficient OSCs with high FF.
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- Jiang, Linhai, et al.
(författare)
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Controlled Synthesis of CeO2/Graphene Nanocomposites with Highly Enhanced Optical and Catalytic Properties
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 116:21, s. 11741-11745
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, CeO2 nanocubes with the (200)-terminated surface/graphene sheet composites have been prepared successfully by a simple hydrothermal method. It is found that the CeO2 nanocubes with high crystallinity and specific exposed surface are well dispersed on well-exfoliated graphene surface. The (200)-terminated surface/graphene sheet composites modified electrode showed much higher sensitivity and excellent selectivity in its catalytic performance compared to a CeO2 nanoparticle-modified electrode. The photoluminescence intensity of the CeO2 anchored on graphene is about 30 times higher than that of pristine CeO2 crystals in air. The higher oxygen vacancy concentration in CeO2 is supposed to be an important cause for the higher photoluminescence and better electrochemical catalytic performance observed in the (200)-terminated surface/graphene sheet composites. Such ingenious design of supported well-dispersed catalysts in nanostructured ceria catalysts, synthesized in one step with an exposed high-activity surface, is important for technical applications and theoretical investigations.
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- Liu, Dedi, et al.
(författare)
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In situ Raman and photoluminescence study on pressure-induced phase transition in C60 nanotubes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. - : Wiley. - 0377-0486 .- 1097-4555. ; 43:6, s. 737-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single crystalline C60 nanotubes having face-centered-cubic structure with diameters in the nanometer range were synthesized by a solution method. In situ Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy under high pressure were employed to study the structural stabilities and transitions of the pristine C60 nanotubes. A phase transition, probably because of the orientational ordering of C60 molecules, from face-centered-cubic structure to simple cubic structure occurred at the pressure between 1.46 and 2.26 GPa. At above 20.41 GPa, the Raman spectrum became very diffuse and lost its fine structure in all wavenumber regions, and only two broad and asymmetry peaks initially centered at 1469 and 1570cm-1 were observed, indicating an occurrence of amorphization. This amorphous phase remained to be reversible until 31.1 GPa, and it became irreversible to the ambient pressure after the pressure cycle of 34.3 GPa was applied.
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- Abazov, V. M., et al.
(författare)
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Search for Higgs bosons decaying to tau(+)tau(-) pairs in p(p)over-bar collisions at root s=1.96 TeV
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 707:3-4, s. 323-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a search for the production of neutral Higgs bosons decaying into tau(+)tau(-) pairs in p (p) over bar collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb(-1), were collected by the DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. We set upper limits at the 95% C.L. on the product of production cross section and branching ratio for a scalar resonance decaying into tau(+)tau(-) pairs, and we interpret these limits as limits on the production of Higgs bosons in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and as constraints in the MSSM parameter space.
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- Abazov, V. M., et al.
(författare)
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Search for scalar bottom quarks and third-generation leptoquarks in p(p)over-bar collisions at root s=1.96 TeV
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 693:2, s. 95-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the results of a search for pair production of scalar bottom quarks ((b) over bar (1)) and scalar third-generation leptoquarks (LQ(3)) in 5.2 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at the D0 experiment of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Scalar bottom quarks are assumed to decay to a neutralino ((chi) over bar (1)(0)) and a b quark, and we set 95% C.L. lower limits on their production in the (m((b) over bar1), m((chi) over bar 10)) mass plane such as m((b) over bar1) > 247 GeV for m(<(chi)over) (bar>10) = 0 and m((chi) over bar 10) > 110 GeV for 160 m(<(b) over bar1) < 200 GeV. The leptoquarks are assumed to decay to a tau neutrino and a b quark, and we set a 95% C.L. lower limit of 247 GeV on the mass of a charge-1/3 third-generation scalar leptoquark.
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