| 1. |
- Guo, Yangyi, et al.
(författare)
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The use of the general thermal sensation discriminant model based on CNN for room temperature regulation by online brain-computer interface
- 2023
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology can realize dynamic room temperature adjustment based on individual real-time thermal sensation, which can provide the basis for future intelligent buildings. However, the generalization ability of previous thermal sensation discrimination model (TSDM) is limited, which is a serious obstacle to the application. In this paper, a general TSDM was developed by using convolutional neural network (CNN), which can be well applied to new subjects. In the study, the CNN-TSDM was established and evaluated based on the offline experimental data, and then the BCI closed-loop online room temperature control experiment was carried out based on this CNN-TSDM to further verify. The offline analysis results show that the recognition performance of CNN-TSDM in new subjects is significantly higher than that of typical shallow learning algorithms, and its area under the ROC curve (AUC) value reaches 0.789. In the online experiments of the two simulated environments, BCI using the CNN-TSDM dynamically controlled the air conditioning to improve the room temperature to the comfortable level according to the subjects' thermal sensation. The subjective score of subjects decreased from 3.1 to 3.0 for the hot uncomfortable to 1.1 and 1.2 for the cool comfortable (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Moreover, in a hotter simulated experimental environment, BCI automatically controlled the air conditioner for longer cooling to obtain a same degree of thermal comfort. The total cooling time (p < 0.05) and the single cooling time (p < 0.05) of the air conditioner were significantly increased. This further confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of the general CNN-TSDM.
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| 2. |
- He, Xiaohe, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time regulation of room temperature based on individual thermal sensation using an online brain–computer interface
- 2022
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : NLM (Medline). - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 32:e13106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regulation of indoor temperature based on neurophysiological and psychological signals is one of the most promising technologies for intelligent buildings. In this study, we developed a system for closed-loop control of indoor temperature based on brain-computer interface (BCI) technology for the first time. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were collected from subjects for two room temperature categories (cool comfortable and hot uncomfortable) and used to build a thermal-sensation discrimination model (TSDM) with an ensemble learning method. Then, an online BCI system was developed based on the TSDM. In the online room temperature control experiment, when the TSDM detected that the subjects felt hot and uncomfortable, BCI would automatically turn on the air conditioner, and when the TSDM detected that the subjects felt cool and comfortable, BCI would automatically turn off the air conditioner. The results of online experiments in a hot environment showed that a BCI could significantly improve the thermal comfort of subjects (the subjective thermal comfort score decreased from 2.45 (hot uncomfortable) to 0.55 (cool comfortable), p < 0.001). A parallel experiment further showed that if the subjects wore thicker clothes during the experiment, the BCI would turn on the air conditioner for a longer time to ensure the thermal comfort of the subjects. This has further confirmed the effectiveness of TSDM model in evaluating thermal sensation under the dynamic change of room temperature and showed the model's good robustness. This study proposed a new paradigm of human-building interaction, which is expected to play a promising role in the development of human-centered intelligent buildings.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Huilin, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in outdoor air and respiratory health, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers : A panel study in healthy young adults
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 899
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be associated with different types of health effects. However, the systemic changes of health effects between fluctuations of PAHs exposure have not been established. In this study, urinary hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) and 12 biomarkers were determined among 36 students from the urban to the suburb in Taiyuan in 2019. The concentration of & sigma;12OH-PAHs in urban areas (28.2 and 21.4 & mu;g/g Cr) was significantly higher than that in suburban area (16.8 & mu;g/g Cr). The regression showed that hydroxy-phenanthrene (OH-Phe, 1/2/3/4/9-OH-Phe) was significantly positively correlated with lung function (PEF25 and PEF50), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Moreover, there were negative associations of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-Flu) with FVC and FEV1. 1 unit increase of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) was negatively associated with 18.8% FVC, 17.3% FEV1, and 26.4% PEF25 in the suburban location, respectively. During urban2, each unit change of 2-OH-Flu was associated with 10.9% FVC and 10.5% FEV1 decrease, which were higher than those in suburban location. 8-OHdG decreased by 32.0% with each unit increase in 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OH-Flu) during urban2 (p < 0.05), while 1.9% in the suburban location. During the suburban period, the increase in OH-Phe was correlated with the decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA). The respiratory damage caused by PAHs in the urban disappeared after backing to the urban from the suburban area. Notably, despite the total significant liner mixed regression association of FeNO with multiple OH-PAHs, the association of FeNO with OH-PAHs was not significant during different periods except for 2-OH-Flu. Our findings suggested that short-term exposure to different concentrations of PAHs might cause changes in health effects and called for further research to investigate possible alterations between health effects and PAH exposure.
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| 4. |
- Dai, Baomin, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and economical analyses of transcritical CO2 heat pump combined with direct dedicated mechanical subcooling (DMS) for space heating in China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An environmental and economical assessment model is developed, in order to evaluate the performances of transcritical CO2 heat pump system with dedicated mechanical subcooling (CO2 HPDMS). Introducing DMS to traditional CO2 HP system is an efficient method to reduce the primary energy consumption, which can be further decreased by using small temperature difference fan-coil unit (STD-FCU) as heating terminal. Using CO2 heat pump system for space heating is an environmentally-friendly heating method. The corresponding pollution emissions are only inferior to those of the wall hanging gas heater. The initial capital cost and operating cost of CO2 HPDMS system are both lower than those of CO2 HPBASE system, and the CO2 compressor cost accounts for about 80% of the overall initial capital cost. In contrast to other traditional heating methods, the payback periods of CO2 HPDMS system are not more than 9 years in most cases. If the CO2 compressor and electricity price are reduced by 20% and 28.79% respectively, the life cycle cost of CO2 HPDMS will be competitive to that of coal-fired boiler. In China, it is a promising way to adopt CO2 HPDMS for space heating in the near future with the assistant of electricity price subsidy and compressor price reduction.
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| 5. |
- Huang, Qingxi, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating compressed CO(2 )energy storage in an oxy-coal combustion power plant with CO2 capture
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To compensate for the high cost of CO2 capture, this study proposes a novel solution that integrates a compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) system into an oxy-coal combustion power plant with CO2 capture (Oxy_CCES). The integration of energy storage has the potential to create arbitrage from variations in electricity prices. The proposed Oxy_CCES system can achieve a higher net efficiency of 34.1%, and a higher exergy efficiency of 57.5%, than that of a liquified oxygen storage-integrated oxy-coal combustion power plant (Oxy_O-2). Two scenarios, i.e., retrofitting an existing oxy-coal combustion power plant (S-I) and building a new plant (S-II), were established to compare the Oxy_CCES and Oxy_O-2. In S-I, the payback time of the Oxy_CCES is one year and in the S-II the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the Oxy_CCES increases by 1.8%, which is lower than that of the Oxy_O-2. The sensitivity analysis shows that, when the difference between the peak and the valley electricity prices and the capacities of the energy storage systems increase by 50%, the net present value (NPV) and LCOE of the Oxy_CCES system increase by 113.4% and 1.7% respectively, which are lower than the NPV and LCOE increase of the Oxy_O-2.
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| 6. |
- Li, Xueqiang, et al.
(författare)
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Key factors affecting the performance of the multi-stream heat exchanger for CO2 condensation
- 2023
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Ingår i: International journal of thermal sciences. - : Elsevier Masson s.r.l.. - 1290-0729 .- 1778-4166. ; 192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The multi-stream heat exchanger (MS-HEX) is an important equipment in CO2 capture processes, especially for CO2 condensation. By now, little attention has been paid to thoroughly investigating its performance. To provide insights for optimizing the design and operation of the MS-HEX, this paper evaluated the impacts of some key factors, such as the flow arrangement and the content of non-condensable (NC) gases, on the performances of the MS-HEX, including the exit vapor fraction, the pressure drop, the heat transfer coefficient (HTC), and the sub-cooling degree. A 3D CFD model was developed and validated. Based on simulations, it was found that the flow arrangement can clearly affect the performance of the MS-HEX, and there existed an optimal one, which can give the highest sub-cooling degree. Moreover, increasing the volume fraction of NC gases can lead to a decrease of the HTC and the sub-cooling degree; and Ar showed the biggest impact, followed by O2 and N2. For instance, compared to condensing a stream containing 5 vol % N2, condensing a stream containing 5 vol % Ar led to a lower HTC and a lower sub-cooling degree, which can be up to 27.3% and 4 K, respectively.
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| 7. |
- Li, Xueqiang, et al.
(författare)
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Optimizing cooling electronic chips at high altitude with consideration of solar radiation
- 2023
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Ingår i: International journal of thermal sciences. - : Elsevier. - 1290-0729 .- 1778-4166. ; 183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintaining a proper working environment for electronic chips is challenging for airships, as the ambient parameters at high altitude are largely different from those on the ground, which can influence the performance of cooling. This work aims to optimize the finned sink to minimize the weight with the consideration of the impact of solar radiation. By using a validated 3D model, it was found that the ignorance of the solar radiation can lead to a temperature deviation of 4.1 °C for electronic chips at 20 km when the solar radiation intensity was 1400 W/m2 and the wind speed was 10 m/s. Meanwhile, compared to the solar radiation intensity and the emissivity, the direction of solar radiation showed more impacts. In addition, even though the solar radiation doesn't influence the optimal fin height, fin number, and fin thickness, it would clearly affect the optimal heat transfer area ratio. As a result, it can clearly change the optimized weight, which was 5.7% higher if the solar radiation was not considered. © 2022 The Authors
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| 8. |
- Liu, Shengchun, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative positions of internal heat exchanger for CO2 booster refrigeration system : Thermodynamic analysis and annual thermal performance evaluation
- 2021
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Ingår i: International journal of refrigeration. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0140-7007 .- 1879-2081. ; 131, s. 1016-1028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Refrigeration systems running on transcritical CO2 cycle are considered an alternative to phase-down the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in response to the Kigali Amendment. Responding to the need to improve the efficiency of CO2 booster systems and to identify optimum system designs, thermodynamic models of three booster systems are proposed with the use of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). Findings from this study suggest that placing the IHX with a low-temperature fluid side at the suction line of high pressure stage compressor and high-temperature fluid side at the outlet of gas cooler represents the most optimal approach in improving the coefficient of performance (COP) of the booster system. When operating in the transcritical conditions, the COP values can be improved by 6.35% at the IHX thermal effectiveness of 0.8 and by 6.48% at the ratio of medium temperature load to low temperature load of 6. Using IHX can significantly reduce the compressor discharge pressure, which can be reduced by 0.55 MPa at the ambient temperature of 40 degrees C. Furthermore, by adding IHX, the annual performance factor of CO2 system can be improved significantly by 1.68% and the annual total power consumption can be decreased by 6.48% in the tropical climate. It can be concluded that IHX can improve the COP values of a booster system when operating in the subtropical and tropical regions.
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| 9. |
- Liu, Shengchun, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative analysis of air and CO2 as working fluids for compressed and liquefied gas energy storage technologies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; feb, s. 608-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the large-scale use of intermittent renewable energy worldwide, such as wind energy and solar energy, energy storage systems are urgently needed and have been rapidly developed. Technologies of compressed gas energy storage (CGES) and liquefied gas energy storage (LGES) are playing an important role, and air has been commonly used as working fluid. CO2 is another potential working fluid and attracting more and more attention due to the rise of CO2 capture and utilization. However, it is still unclear which is the better working fluid. This paper comparatively analyzed the performance of CGES and LGES systems using air and CO2 as working fluids. Both diabatic and adiabatic CGES are considered. Simulation results show that except diabatic CGES systems, using CO2 could achieve a similar or even higher round-trip efficiency than using air. In addition, the use of CO2 instead of air as a working fluid has additional advantages, such as a lower storage temperature can be achieved at the same storage pressure for the adiabatic CGES system; and a higher condensing temperature can be achieved at the same condensing pressure for the LGES system, which can benefit the system design and operation.
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| 10. |
- Liu, Shengchun, et al.
(författare)
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Energetic, economic and environmental analysis of air source transcritical CO2 heat pump system for residential heating in China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 148, s. 1425-1439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using air source heat pump system for residential heating is a practical way to replace coal-fired boiler in China to alleviate the haze problem, and CO2 is a promising candidate to replace hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) or hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) charged into the system. A mathematical model is developed to comprehensively evaluate the energetic, economical and environmental performances of CO2 heat pump system compared with other three traditional heating methods. The results indicate that the primary energy ratio of CO2 heat pump is the highest and it is a rational way to utilize renewable energy with the renewable energy contribution ratio of 0.60–0.69. The initial capital cost of CO2 heat pump is much higher due to the dominant compressor cost. The emission of CO2 heat pump is lower than that of coal-fired boiler at seasonal performance factor above 2.44. The initial and operation cost can be gradually reduced with the mass production and energy efficiency improvement of CO2 heat pump. It is believe that air source CO2 heat pump system can be employed for home heating in China, especial for the hot summer and cold winter region.
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