| 1. |
- Arora, Anmol, et al.
(författare)
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The value of standards for health datasets in artificial intelligence-based applications
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 29, s. 2929-2938
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence as a medical device is increasingly being applied to healthcare for diagnosis, risk stratification and resource allocation. However, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the risk of algorithmic bias, which may perpetuate existing health inequity. This problem arises in part because of systemic inequalities in dataset curation, unequal opportunity to participate in research and inequalities of access. This study aims to explore existing standards, frameworks and best practices for ensuring adequate data diversity in health datasets. Exploring the body of existing literature and expert views is an important step towards the development of consensus-based guidelines. The study comprises two parts: a systematic review of existing standards, frameworks and best practices for healthcare datasets; and a survey and thematic analysis of stakeholder views of bias, health equity and best practices for artificial intelligence as a medical device. We found that the need for dataset diversity was well described in literature, and experts generally favored the development of a robust set of guidelines, but there were mixed views about how these could be implemented practically. The outputs of this study will be used to inform the development of standards for transparency of data diversity in health datasets (the STANDING Together initiative). A systematic review, combined with a stakeholder survey, presents an overview of current practices and recommendations for dataset curation in health, with specific focuses on data diversity and artificial intelligence-based applications.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hu, Xiangzhao, et al.
(författare)
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Boosting Industrial-Level CO2 Electroreduction of N-Doped Carbon Nanofibers with Confined Tin-Nitrogen Active Sites via Accelerating Proton Transport Kinetics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 33:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of highly efficient robust electrocatalysts with low overpotential and industrial-level current density is of great significance for CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER), however the low proton transport rate during the CO2ER remains a challenge. Herein, a porous N-doped carbon nanofiber confined with tin-nitrogen sites (Sn/NCNFs) catalyst is developed, which is prepared through an integrated electrospinning and pyrolysis strategy. The optimized Sn/NCNFs catalyst exhibits an outstanding CO2ER activity with the maximum CO FE of 96.5%, low onset potential of −0.3 V, and small Tafel slope of 68.8 mV dec−1. In a flow cell, an industrial-level CO partial current density of 100.6 mA cm−2 is achieved. In situ spectroscopic analysis unveil the isolated Sn-N site acted as active center for accelerating water dissociation and subsequent proton transport process, thus promoting the formation of intermediate *COOH in the rate-determining step for CO2ER. Theoretical calculations validate pyrrolic N atom adjacent to the Sn-N active species assisted reducing the energy barrier for *COOH formation, thus boosting the CO2ER kinetics. A Zn-CO2 battery is designed with the cathode of Sn/NCNFs, which delivers a maximum power density of 1.38 mW cm−2 and long-term stability.
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| 4. |
- Kao, Xiaoxuan, et al.
(författare)
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The pressure of coal consumption on China's carbon dioxide emissions: A spatial and temporal perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Pollution Research. - : TURKISH NATL COMMITTEE AIR POLLUTION RES & CONTROL-TUNCAP. - 1309-1042. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the world's largest coal consumer, China is facing the dual challenge of implementing strict coal reduction policies while heavily relying on coal. It is crucial to comprehend the pressures exerted on carbon dioxide emissions from coal consumption as China strives to transition towards a carbon-neutral era. This study defines and classifies the pressure of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from coal consumption, referred to as "carboncoal pressure", in 30 provinces (including municipalities and autonomous regions) from 1997 to 2019. This classification enriches the study of the pressure on carbon dioxide emissions by specific energy types. By calculating the centre of gravity of the carbon-coal pressure and its evolution trends, the spatial pattern of the carbon-coal pressure and the evolution characteristics of the centre of gravity of the pressure are revealed. The results demonstrate that, despite the continuous growth in total coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in China, the carbon-coal pressure index exhibits a decreasing trend in certain regions, with significant interregional differences. Most provinces fall into the high-pressure and higher-pressure categories. The number of high-pressure provinces has decreased by 33% from 18 to 8, while the number of low-pressure provinces has risen from 0 to 1, and both higher and medium pressure types have increased. The overall stress index decreases from 0.79 to 0.7. The pressure centre displays a similar spatial trend to the overall changes in coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions centre, albeit with a smaller magnitude of change. Beijing stands out as the only province with low pressure.
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| 5. |
- Liu, Chang, et al.
(författare)
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Characterising users' task completion process in learning-related tasks : A search pace model
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of information science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0165-5515 .- 1741-6485. ; 49:6, s. 1462-1480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated users’ searching, reading and writing interactions and their activity transitions during task completion process when users were collecting information for learning-related search tasks. Task completion process was defined as the process users started to search till the time when they have collected enough information to accomplish the search tasks. The data analysis was conducted from a new process perspective through synthesising macro- and micro-process levels. Four evenly distributed stages were divided according to the total task completion time in each search session. Our results demonstrated that users generally experienced three sub-processes during task completion process: exploration, accumulation and composition/reporting. Exploration sub-process is basically the first quarter of the total task completion time, during which users often issue more queries and visit more search engine result pages (SERPs) to collect information, and the dominant activity transition is switching between searching and reading; accumulation sub-process is mainly the second and third quarters of the total task completion time, during which they visit more unique content pages, have more revisits per content page, and they switch between reading and writing activities frequently; the last stage is composition/reporting sub-process, which is dominated by writing, and users often switch between writing and reading, and between writing and searching. Based on these findings, we propose a search pace model to describe how users proceed from the beginning to the end of task completion process in these three sub-processes. The methodology applied has been proved to be effective to examine users’ interaction behaviours from the process perspective on both the micro- and macro-levels. The findings of this article help us understand how users proceed their dynamic searching, reading and writing behaviours for learning-related tasks, and also have implications for the design of search systems that support learning-related tasks.
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| 6. |
- Liu, Xiaoxuan, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying patterns and hotspots of global land cover transitions using the ESA CCI Land Cover dataset
- 2018
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Ingår i: Remote Sensing Letters. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 2150-704X .- 2150-7058. ; 9:10, s. 972-981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land use/land cover change is a continuing research focus, not only because of its ecological and environmental effects but also because of the difficulties with accurate change detection and analysis uncertainty. The principal difficulty is the lack of a long time series of annual global land cover maps at a fine resolution. A new global long-term time series of annual datasets called the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC) has been published, making it possible to detect the global land cover changes. Using this ESA CCI-LC product from 1992-2015, we quantified the annual transitions of land cover change globally with the trajectory analysis method, analyzed the changes patterns and identified the land cover change hotspots. The total land cover change area for the world was 5.99 million km(2), amounting to only 3.36% of the total continental area. Most changes happened in forest and cropland, accounting 32% of all the land cover changes. Most land cover changes happened in tropical ecoregions. Grassland changes were mainly distributed in the temperate ecoregions, while cropland expansion occurred mainly in the tropical or subtropical ecoregions. The hotspots identified in this paper could provide target areas for further research.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Jingwei, et al.
(författare)
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Non-antibiotic agent ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 enhanced the antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin in vitro and in vivo as a potential NorA inhibitor
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-2999 .- 1879-0712. ; 740, s. 277-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to explore the potential enhancing effect of ginsenoside 20(s)-Rh2 (Rh2) towards ciprofloxacin (CIP) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in vitro and in vivo, and analyze the possible mechanisms through NorA inhibition from a target cellular pharmacokinetic view. In combination with non-toxic dosage of Rh2, the susceptibilities of S. (wrens strains to CIP were significantly augmented, and the antibacterial kinetics of CIP in the S. aurora strains were markedly promoted. This enhancing effect of Rh2 towards CIP was also observed in S. aureus infected peritonitis mice, with elevated survival rate and reduced bacteria counts in blood. However, Rh2 did not influence the plasma concentrations of OP. Further analysis indicated that Rh2 significantly promoted the accumulations of ClP in S. aureus, and inhibited the NorA mediated efflux of pyronin Y. The expressions of NorA gene on S. aureus were positively correlated with the enhancing effect of Rh2 with OP. This is the first report of the enhancing effect of Rh2 with ClP for S. aureits infection in vitro and in vivo, of which it is probably that Rh2 inhibited NorA-mediaLed efflux and promoted the accumulation of ClP in the bacteria.
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