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- Larsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure determinants of phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A and triclosan in Swedish mothers and their children
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 73, s. 323-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood. The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6-11 years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 mother-child couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors. There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean ΣDEHP 65.5 μg/L; ΣDiNP 37.8 μg/L; MBzP 19.9 μg/L; MnBP 76.9 μg/L) than the mothers (ΣDEHP 38.4 μg/L; ΣDiNP 33.8 μg/L; MBzP 12.8 μg/L; MnBP 63.0 μg/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8 μg/L; ProP 13.9 μg/L) and MEP (43.4 μg/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8 μg/L; ProP 2.1 μg/L) and MEP (28.8 μg/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001-0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.
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| 2. |
- Ljung Björklund, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Metals and trace element concentrations inbreast milk of first time healthy mothers: abiological monitoring study
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background:Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for the newborn infant. However, since all infants cannot bebreast-fed, there is a need for background data for setting adequate daily intakes. Previously, concentration data onmajor essential elements and some toxic elements in breast milk, based on different analytical techniques, havebeen published. There is no recent study on a large number of metals and trace elements in breast milk, using asensitive analytical method for determination of low element concentrations.Methods:Breast milk concentrations of 32 metals and elements in early lactation (days 14–21) were determined ina random sample of first time Swedish mothers (n = 60) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICPMS).Results:There were small inter-individual concentration variations in the macroelements Ca, K, Mg, P and S, andstriking similarities across studies and over time, supporting a tight regulation of these elements in breast milk.Large inter-individual and over time differences were detected for Na concentrations, which may reflect an increasein salt consumption in Swedish women. Large inter-individual differences were also detected for the microelementsCo, Cr, Mn and Mo, and the toxic metals As, Cd, Pb, Sb and V. Arsenic and B were positively correlated with fishconsumption, indicating influence of maternal intake on breast milk concentrations. Observed differences in breastmilk element concentrations across studies and over time could be attributed to the timing of sampling and ageneral decline over time of lactation (Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn), a possible lack of regulation of certain elements in breastmilk (As, B, Co, Mn, Se) and time trends in environmental exposure (Pb), or in some cases to differences in analyticalperformance (Cr, Fe).Conclusions:This study provides reliable updated information on a number of metals and elements in breast milk,of which some have not previously been reported.Keywords:Breast milk, Toxic metals, Trace elements, Infant exposure, Microelements, Macroelements
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