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| 2. |
- Baley, Isaac, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-Phenomenon Restrictions: Unemployment Effects of Layoff Costs and Quit Turbulence
- 2023
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Ingår i: Review of Economic Dynamics. - : Elsevier Inc. - 1096-6099 .- 1094-2025. ; 50, s. 43-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cross-phenomenon restrictions associated with returns to labor mobility can inform calibrations of productivity processes in macro-labor models. We exploit how returns to labor mobility influence effects on equilibrium unemployment of changes in (a) layoff costs, and (b) distributions of skill losses coincident with quits (“quit turbulence”). Returns to labor mobility intermediate both effects. Ample labor reallocations observed across market economies that have different layoff costs imply that a turbulence explanation of trans-Atlantic unemployment experiences is robust to adding plausible quit turbulence.
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| 3. |
- Baley, Isaac, et al.
(författare)
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Quit Turbulence and Unemployment
- 2024
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Ingår i: SSRN Electronic Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1556-5068.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Steven Weinberg (2018) says: (1) new theories that target new observations should be constrained to agree with observations successfully represented by existing theories; and (2) preserving successes of earlier theories helps to discover unanticipated understandings of yet other phenomena. Weinberg's advice helps us to answer the question: how do higher risks of skill losses coinciding both with involuntary layoffs (“layoff turbulence”) and with voluntary quits (“quit turbulence”) affect equilibrium unemployment rates? An earlier analysis that had included only layoff turbulence had established a positive relationship between turbulence and the unemployment rate within generous welfare states, but the absence of that relationship in countries with stingier welfare states. A subsequent influential analysis found that even very small amounts of quit turbulence would lead to a negative relationship between turbulence and unemployment rates. But that finding was based on a peculiar calibration of a productivity distribution that generates returns to labor mobility that make the model miss the positive turbulence-unemployment rate relationship that has been a theoretical basis for explaining the persistent trans-Atlantic unemployment divide that emerged in post-1970s data and also miss observations about labor market churning. Repairing the faulty calibration of that productivity distribution not only brings models with quit turbulence into line with those observations but also puts the spotlight on macro-labor calibration strategies and implied returns to labor mobility
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| 4. |
- Baley, Isaac, et al.
(författare)
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Returns to Labor Mobility: Layoff Costs and Quit Turbulence
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although they are studied too rarely, returns to labor mobility transmit important forces that decisively shape outcomes in macro-labor models. By focusing on returns to labor mobility, this paper sheds new light on calibrations of influential macro-labor studies and resolves an issue about the turbulence-theoretic explanation of trans-Atlantic unemployment experiences. It does so by invoking a cross-phenomenon restriction -- in our case, how returns to labor mobility determine effects on unemployment of changes in layoff costs, on the one hand, and changes in quit turbulence, on the other hand. We also spotlight two distinct perspectives and associated sources of data: one from labor economics and another from the economics of industrial organization. Ultimately, we are reminded of the rule that new theories "must not throw out all the successes of former theories. ... to preserve the successes of the past is not only a constraint, but also a guide."
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Gunilla, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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A model system for understanding the distribution of fines in a paper structure using fluorescence microscopy
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When making paper a sheet is formed by draining a specific amount of dilute water suspension of pulp and wet end additives through a wire-cloth. The procedure is well known but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The pulp stock is composed by different particles such as fines, fibers, retention aids and other additives that interact with each other during the papermaking process. These interactions are important since they influence the properties of the formed paper. Pulp fibers have different sizes and the finest particle fraction is referred to as fines. In this study fines from bleached Kraft pulp were used.The fines were oxidized to some extent as a consequence of the Kraft pulp process.A model system containing fibers and latex was used together with fluorescence microscopyand image analysis to study the Brownian motion of a probe in different electrolyte concentrations. The model system was built up of:• A water suspension of 1 % fines, negatively charged. At this concentration the fines are interacting with each other, forming a gel like structure.• Negatively charged probes with three different sizes (radii 50, 100 and 500 nm).• Two types of electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2). The electrolytes were used for altering the electrical double layer of the charged surfaces in the system.By studying the Brownian motion of the probes with different sizes in the network of fines more can be understood about this model system. The knowledge obtained from this model system can be used for further understanding of the paper chemistry mechanisms.ReferencesCarlsson G., Warszynski P., van Stam J., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2003, 267, 500-508Carlsson G., van Stam J., Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., 2005, 20, 192-199Carlsson G., Järnström L., van Stam J., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 298, 162-171Rådberg W., Bachelor thesis, Karlstad University, 2010
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Gunilla, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose using fluorescence microscopy : Evaluation of pretreatments of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose using fluorescence microscopy
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper making process is well known but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Paper builds up from cellulose fibers and many additives are needed in the process. The interactions between components in the furnish are important. Pulp fibers have a wide size distribution and the finest particle fraction is called fines. The fines used in this study are Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) from bleached craft pulp. A model system containing fibers and latex was used together with fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. By studying the motion of a labeled latex particle more can be understood about the internal structure of the system. The system consists of: A water suspension of MFC. At the concentrations used the fines are interacting with each other, forming a gel like structure. Negatively charged labeled latex particles (probes), with radius 0,1 µm. Two types of electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl2). The electrolytes were used for altering the electrical double layer of the charged surfaces in the system. Different pretreatments of the MFC has been investigated and evaluated using the movements of the probe in the network of fibers.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of Distribution of Fines in a Paper Structure using Fluorescence Microscopy and Image Analysis
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When making paper a sheet is formed by draining a specific amount of dilute water suspension of pulp through a wire-cloth. The procedure is well known but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The different particles such as fines, fibers, retention aids and other additives interact with each other during the process. These interactions are important since they impact the properties of the formed paper. The fibers have different sizes and the finest particle fraction is called fines. The fines used in this study are from bleached kraft pulp and are therefore oxidized to some extent. By labelling the fines with a fluorophore the movements of individual fines can be followed with video-based fluorescence microscopy even if the size of the fines is below the microscopes resolution limit. [1-3] The fluorophores that has been used are N-Methylisatoic anhydride and fluorescein-5-thiosemicarbazide. N-Methylisatoic anhydride reacts directly with hydroxyl groups on the cellulose chain. Fluorescein-5-thiosemicarbazide reacts with groups like aldehydes and ketones in the cellulose chain, so the chain has to be oxidized before the labeling process. These two fluorephores have different absorption and emission wavelengths. [4]The methods for labeling the fibers are easy to perform. The labeled fiber can be seen in the microscope. One problem is that the fibers aggregate, probably due to the method used for labeling. Another problem can be the fading of the flourophores. Both problems will be further investigated. [5]The elevated drying process in the paper machine makes it difficult to understand the mechanisms involved. Within this project the understanding will be built up in many steps. The first step is to study the labeled fibers in water. A model system containing fibers and latex will be used to study the behavior in different environments such as different electrolyte concentration and pH. References[1] Carlsson G., Warszynski P., van Stam J., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2003, 267, 500-508[2] Carlsson G., van Stam J., Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., 2005, 20, 192-199[3] Carlsson G., Järnström L., van Stam J., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 298, 162-171[4] DeAngelis P. L., Analytical Biochemistry, 2000, 284, 167-169 [5] Rådberg W., Bsc thesis, Karlstad university, 2010
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| 9. |
- Carlsson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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The use of fluorescence microscopy and image analysis to characterize the porous structure in micro fibrillar cellulose gel - Part I : Brownian motion
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Mittuniversitetet. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 28:2, s. 190-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The porous structure of a micro fibrilar cellulose, MFC, gel was studied by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. The Brownian motion of fluorescent labelled carboxylated latex spheres, probes, was investigated at both high, 0.1-5 wt%, and low, 0-20 ppm, concentrations of MFC. The developed tracking program provides trajectories for probes. The trajectories can be studied according to either the individual approach or the ensemble approach to give complementary information regarding the fibrilar system. The Brownian motion can be used in the range 0 to 1.0 wt% MFC and the percentage of idle probes can be used when the concentrations exceeds 1.0 wt% MFC. The Brownian motion was found to be pH dependent both for the low and the high concentration regimes.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, M. S., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of mussel farms on the benthic nitrogen cycle on the Swedish west coast
- 2012
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Ingår i: Aquaculture Environment Interactions. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 1869-215X .- 1869-7534. ; 2:2, s. 177-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The biogeochemical impact of 3 long-line mussel farms (M1, M2 and M3) in Lysekil, Sweden, was investigated from before farm establishment until 1.5 yr after operation had begun. Sedimentation, benthic N flux, total oxygen uptake (TOU) and sulfate reduction rate (SRR) were all significantly increased below the mussel lines at all 3 farms. Effects of increased sedimentation rates were revealed by sediment profile imaging and were highest at Stn M2. These effects increased significantly with time of farm operation, indicating the accumulation of organic matter within sediments over time. Furthermore, more total particulate organic N deposited at farm stations was recycled into the water column compared to at reference stations (similar to 45 versus similar to 13%), indicating an increased release of dissolved inorganic N from sediment below the mussel farms. At one station (M2) with the highest increase in sedimentation rate, denitrification seemed inhibited, while at another station (M3), with a less pronounced increase in sedimentation rate, denitrification was in fact stimulated, accounting for 13% of total sediment N removal. Calculations based on estimated values of N removal through mussel harvest and direct measurements of N input through changes in sedimentation, N regeneration from sediment to the water column through benthic fluxes and changes in denitrification showed, in all cases, a net removal of N from the system, as only 26 to 40% of the total amount of harvested N had been added to the sediments during the growth period.
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