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- Holmén, Magnus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: Technological Change and Industrial Transformation. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9780429423550 - 9781138390034 ; , s. 232-244
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chapter 12, “Conclusions”, conceptualizes industrial transformation as consisting of qualitative changes in the structure of inter-firm activities and relations. The authors stress that industrial transformation consists of uncertain endogenous processes of qualitative state changes, limiting the role of increasing returns. However, uncertainty can be managed or reduced by increasing control. By distinguishing the book’s chapters into research, design and development (RD&D), production and distribution, the authors show how digitalization increases control and becomes a powerful driver of industrial transformation. The authors compare the seminal work of Allyn Young (1928) to explain how demand changes, digitalization and industrial transformation coevolve cumulatively.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Long, Vicky, 1971-
(författare)
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A technological capabilities perspective on catching up : the case of the Chinese information and communications technology industry
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation provides a capability creation perspective on the story of China’s technological catching up, or resurgence, if viewed from a broader historical perspective.Since the first Asian tigers caught up to modern technological standards (e.g., South Korea, Singapore), two schools of thought have dominated causal explanations (Nelson and Pack, 1999). The first perspective is the conventional accumulation approach, which attributes the major share of growth to the accumulation of physical and human capital, and views learning as a more-or-less automatic byproduct of those investments. The second perspective is the assimilation approach, which emphasizes the arduous learning, risk-taking entrepreneurship, and innovation that is involved in the process and argues that the former proposition neglects this aspect of the endeavour and may therefore lead to erroneous estimates. This dissertation focuses on the second school of thought.Compared to the first-tier Asian tigers, the second-tier tigers, of which China is representative, pose many challenges to the assimilation approach. First, the sheer size of the country results in an unusual scale and scope of activities and interactions in any field. Second, the long history of civilization in China suggests that many modern phenomena have historical roots that are unknown to outsiders and invisible and complex to insiders. The present study aims to contribute a small piece of the puzzle to our understanding of the big picture.By providing an in-depth study of the Chinese information and communication technologies (ICT) sector, this study explores changes that have occurred in the three key building blocks of capability creation; specifically, the sourcing, generation, and appropriation of technological knowledge. A qualitative case study approach was employed for the main, empirical part of the study, which consists of extensive firm-level interviews. Complementary statistical data, including patent data and historical archives, were used to provide context and a deeper look into the study topic.The results are described in five articles. The first article presents establishing overseas research and development (R&D) laboratories as one of the major learning methods for overcoming disadvantages related to dislocation from technology sources and advanced markets. This approach allows China to search for industry-relevant scientific knowledge rather than adopting ready-made technologies introduced by western multinational enterprises in China. The second article describes the modularity-in-design approach, which opens new windows of opportunity for technological advancement. The lack of essential intellectual property rights (IPRs) acts as a key inducement and a factor-saving bias that influences the direction of innovation. When both (international) competitiveness and learning are involved in the catching-up process, the development of industry-wide capability becomes a particularly vital aspect of indigenous innovation. The third article describes the geographic consequences of historically planted industrial capabilities in China’s inland regions, which impact the absorption of different types of industrial knowledge.Fields of industry that are densely populated with patents- IPR thickets- represent a novel situation that was not experienced to the same extent by nations whose technological development occurred earlier. This thesis dedicates two articles to this dimension of knowledge appropriation. The fourth article describes the duality of Chinese ICT patenting, and the fifth article identifies an ambidextrous strategy that depends on where the major competition emerges. In general, the decision to patent and the extent of patenting are determined by four factors: a) the distance to the frontier (Aghion et al., 1997) particularly for technology; b) the nature of the technology (Teece, 1986), but with a rural extension in the case of China; c) the specificities of information (Arrow, 1962) that are embodied in a firm’s origins in China; and d) the supporting institutions that co-evolve in that process.Learning proceeds at different levels: that of individuals, firms, industries, and nations. This dissertation provides an industry-level perspective on learning and innovation-based technological advancement.
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| 5. |
- Long, Vicky, et al.
(författare)
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An indigenous innovation
- 2006
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Which aspects of the processes of an indigenous (South) innovation, particularly of the “high-tech” and “radical” kind, have spurred the technological catch- up? Using the example of the third-generation Chinese mobile communications technology standard, we probed the key dimensions of the development. Three hypotheses were generated from this study: a) modularity-in-design opens new windows of opportunity for technological catching up; b) the lack of essential intellectual property rights acts as a key inducement, or a factor-saving bias, that influences the rate and direction of indigenous innovation in the global South (e.g. China); and c) the long tail of an old technology conditions a new indigenous innovation to take off by essentially shortening the technological distance.
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| 6. |
- Long, Vicky, et al.
(författare)
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An Indigenous Innovation : An Example from Mobile Communication Technology
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oxford Development Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1360-0818 .- 1469-9966. ; 44:1, s. 113-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the processes of indigenous (global South) innovation, particularly of the “high-tech” and “radical” kind, which have spurred technological catch-up, using the example of a third-generation (3G) Chinese mobile communications technology standard. Three hypotheses were generated from this study: (a) modularity-in-design opens new windows of opportunity for technological catching-up; (b) the lack of essential intellectual property rights acts as a key inducement, or a factor-saving bias, that influences the rate and direction of indigenous innovation in the global South; and (c) the long tail of an old technology affects the take-off of a new indigenous innovation, essentially by shortening the technological distance to be covered.
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| 8. |
- Long, Vicky, et al.
(författare)
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Immaterialrätten i den digitala eran - svenska dataspelsbranschen som exempel
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm. - 0345-2646. ; 48:2, s. 32-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionellt betraktas immaterialrätten såsom patent ofta som en ineffektiv metod för att internalisera värdet av investeringar i forskning och utveckling (FoU) jämfört med andra metoder så som hemlighållande, snabbhet, reglering av anställningskontrakt och tekniska lösningar. Vår nyligen genomförda studie på den svenska dataspelsbranschen – där digital distribuering dominerar – visar dock en ökning av immaterialrättens betydelse i sådana företag. Immaterialrättens signalfunktion, där exempelvis varumärken används som ett sätt att visa ursprung av nya produkter och signalera kvalitet, blir viktigare då en exponentiell tillväxt av produkter och service skapar en rädsla för att försvinna i den snabbt ökande mängden digitala produkter.
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| 9. |
- Long, Vicky, et al.
(författare)
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IPR, appropriability, and catching up : evidences from Chinese ICT
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Appropriability is known to be sector specific and linked to the (legal) environment; why do Chinese firms patent aggressively despite a non-patenting historical derivation and a recognised weak protection regime? This study uses a pro-patenting sector, namely, the Chinese Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) industry, as a case to probe that question and to examine the key logics involved in that process. This study is primarily based on (firm) interviews complemented with patent data. Four key logics behind Chinese firms’ patenting propensity are identified: a) the Aghion-ian “distance to the frontier” but with a focus on technology; b) the Teece-ian “nature of the technology” but with a latecomer’s focus on application knowledge, low-cost extension and the role of standards in facilitating entry; c) the firms’ origin; and d) the supporting institutions that co-evolve in this process. This inductive proposition suggests that a latecomer’s logic be included in the appropriability regime.
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| 10. |
- Long, Vicky
(författare)
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knowledge bases and the geography of industrial upgrading
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article examines the emergence of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) industry in China and focuses on the role of inland regions and the knowledge and capability creation processes that are embedded in those areas. Drawing on interview, statistical, and archival data, we examined the balance of innovation between coastal and inland regions and found that small-scale inland ICT hot spots are historically grounded. Specifically, inland hot spots coincided geographically with regions influenced by the third front program (1964-1980). In addition, the results indicate a bias towards specific types of knowledge that are created in inland ICT hot spots. The findings suggest that Chinese industrial upgrading is not strictly core-peripheral in nature but may be explained, at least in part, by the varations in local receptiveness to different types of indsutry knowledge.
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