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- Lumme, Sonja, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal biobanks-based study on the joint effects of infections, nutrition and hormones on risk of prostate cancer.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 55:7, s. 839-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background To evaluate the individual and combined effects of enterolactone, vitamin D, free testosterone, Chlamydia trachomatis and HPV-18 on the risk of prostate cancer in a large population-based biochemical material that combined three Nordic serum sample banks. Material and methods A joint cohort of 209 000 healthy men was followed using cancer registry linkages. From this cohort altogether 699 incident cases of prostate cancer were identified. Four controls were selected by incidence density sampling and matching for country, age and date of the blood sampling. Complete data for all investigated exposures was available for 483 eligible cases and 1055 eligible controls. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the solitary and combined effects. Results The solitary effects were small. Significantly increased risk [rate ratio 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.5)] was found in those seronegative for C. trachomatis infection. The joint effect in risk levels of enterolactone and vitamin D was antagonistic [observed rate ratio (RR) 1.4 (1.0-2.1), expected RR 2.0 (1.0-4.1)] as well as that of HPV-18 and C. trachomatis [observed RR 1.9 (0.8-4.5), expected RR 9.9 (1.1-87.0)]. Conclusion A large follow-up study combining data from several previously investigated exposures to investigate joint effects found no evidence that exposure to two risk factors would increase the risk of prostate cancer from that expected on basis of exposure to one risk factor. If anything, the results were consistent with antagonistic interactions.
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- Tuohimaa, Pentti, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of factors related to the metabolic syndrome and vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1538-7755. ; 16:2, s. 302-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Factors related to the metabolic syndrome and low levels of vitamin D have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer. Insofar, no studies have assessed their joint effects on prostate cancer risk. Methods: We studied (a) the associations of vitamin D with the metabolic syndrome factors body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and (b) the prostate cancer risk associated with these factors and especially their joint effects with vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer. We did a longitudinal nested case-control study on 132 prostate cancer cases and 456 matched controls from a cohort of 18,939 Finnish middle-aged men from the Helsinki Heart Study. The odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer were assessed via conditional logistic regression analysis. Results: Apart from HDL-C, there was no linear association between the metabolic syndrome factors and vitamin D levels. In univariate analysis, men in the highest quartiles of body mass index (> 28 kg/m(2)) and systolic blood pressure (> 150 mmHg) showed a modest increase in risks of prostate cancer, with ORs of 1.37 (P = 0.16) and 1.53 (P = 0.05) when compared with the three lower quartiles, but low HDL-C entailed no prostate cancer risk. However, with all three factors present, the OR was 3.36 (P = 0.02), and jointly with low vitamin D (<= 40 nmol/L), the OR was 8.03 (P = 0.005) compared with those with no metabolic syndrome factors and intermediate levels of vitamin D. There was an interaction between vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome factors so that a clustering of these factors entailed high risk of prostate cancer but only if vitamin D level was low (<= 40 nmol/L). If it was at intermediate levels, the metabolic syndrome factors entailed no prostate cancer risk. Conclusions: We conclude that the prostate cancer risk associated with factors related to the metabolic syndrome is strongly conditioned by levels of vitamin D.
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