| 1. |
- Falk, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Exponential Roadmap: Scaling 36 Solutions to Halve Emissions by 2030
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The 2019 Exponential Roadmap focuses on moving from incremental to exponential climate action in the next decade. It presents 36 economically- viable solutions to cut global greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2030 and the strategies to scale this transformation. The roadmap is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s goal to keep global average temperature “well below 2°C” and aiming for 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. The 2019 roadmap is the second in the series. Each new roadmap updates solutions that have proven potential to scale and charts progress towards exponential scaling. The roadmap, based on the carbon law (see box) is a collaboration between academia, business and civil society. The roadmap is complemented with a high-ambition narrative, Meeting the 1.5°C Ambition, that presents the case why holding global average temperature increase to just 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is important. Since the first roadmap, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its special report on 1.5°C. The report concluded that the economic and humanitarian risks of a 2°C world are significantly higher than 1.5°C. The remaining emissions budget for 1.5°C is small, and will be exceeded within ten to fifteen years at current emission rates. The window of feasibility is closing rapidly. The global economic benefit of a low-carbon future is estimated at US$26 trillion by 2030 compared with staying on the current high-carbon pathway. The scale of transformation – halving emissions by 2030 – is unprecedented but the speed is not. Some cities and companies can transform significantly faster. Developed nations with significant historic emissions have a responsibility to reduce emissions faster. Greenhouse gas emissions, and the solutions to reduce them, are grouped by six sectors: energy, industry, transport, buildings, food consumption, nature-based solutions (sources and sinks). Meeting the 1.5°C goal means implementing solutions in parallel across all sectors. The solutions must scale exponentially. The roadmap identifies four levers required to scale the transformation as well as necessary actions for each: policy, climate leadership and movements, finance and exponential technology. Implementation must be fair and just or risk deep resistance.
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| 2. |
- Lundén, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2004
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Ingår i: Notions of America. - Huddinge : Södertörns högskola. - 9189315316
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Malmodin, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and entertainment & media sectors
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 14:5, s. 770-790
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The positive and negative environmental impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) are widely debated. This study assesses the electricity use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the ICT and entertainment & media (E&M) sectors at sector level, including end users, and thus complements information on the product level. GHGs are studied in a life cycle perspective, but for electricity use, only the operational use is considered. The study also considers which product groups or processes are major contributors. Using available data and extrapolating existing figures to the global scale for 2007 reveals that the ICT sector produced 1.3% of global GHG emissions in 2007 and the E&M sector 1.7%. The corresponding figures for global electricity use were 3.9% and 3.2%, respectively. The results indicate that for the ICT sector, operation leads to more GHG emissions than manufacture, although impacts from the manufacture of some products are significant. For the E&M sector, operation of TVs and production of printed media are the main reasons for overall GHG emissions. TVs as well as printed media, with the estimations made here, led to more GHG emissions on a global level in 2007 than PCs (manufacture and operation). A sector study of this type provides information on a macro scale, a perspective easily lost when considering, for example, the product-related results of life cycle assessments. The macro scale is essential to capture changes in total consumption and use. However, the potential of the ICT sector to help decrease environmental impacts from other sectors was not included in the assessment.
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| 4. |
- Malmodin, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Life Cycle Assessment of ICT : Carbon Footprint and Operational Electricity Use from the Operator, National, and Subscriber Perspective in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 18:6, s. 829-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of information and communication technology (ICT) is growing throughout society, and new products and solutions are developed at an increasing rate. To enable environmental assessment of specific ICT products and other products that rely on ICT in some way, a more complete, detailed, and up-to-date study based on real measurements is needed. To date, similar studies have not been readily available or fully comprehensive. This study assessed the overall operational electricity use and life-cycle-based carbon footprint (CF) relating to ICT in Sweden, including activities not commonly addressed previously, such as shared data transport networks and data centers and manufacturing of network infrastructure. Specific, detailed inventory data are presented and used for assessment of the Internet Protocol core network, data transmission, operator activities, and access network. These specific data, in combination with secondary, more generic data for end-user equipment, allow a comprehensive overall assessment. The majority of the ICT network CF is the result of end-user equipment, mainly personal computers, followed by third-party enterprise networks and data centers and then access networks. The parts closest to the user proved to be clearly responsible for the majority of the impact. The results are presented for Swedish ICT networks and for ICT networks in general based on a global average electricity mix.
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| 5. |
- Malmodin, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The electricity consumption and operational carbon emissions of ICT network operators 2010-2015
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is built on a large primary data set for operational energy consumption and carbon footprint, collected from telecom operators in different countries, and complemented by publicly available data from other operators. The purpose of the study is to estimate the current magnitude and trends for the electricity consumption and operational carbon emissions of telecom operators globally, and the primary data was collected with the support of the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) and the European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association (ETNO).In this report, the electricity consumption and operational carbon emissions of telecom operators are investigated, to calculate the ICT network (i.e. fixed and mobile telecom networks) operations´ share of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector impact globally, historically (2010 and 2013) as well as currently (2015). The study covers the ICT networks, defined as fixed and mobile telcom networks, and related operator activities, but excludes enterprise networks, data centers and end-user equipment. The study draws from a similar study of ICT in Sweden 2015 [1] and uses measured and collected data. End-user equipment is outside the scope of this study.Several other studies in the past predicted that the ICT sector, in particular the ICT networks, would increase its electricity consumption and operational carbon emissions in line with the growth in data traffic which was discussed in the previous study [1].In the present study telecom operator data representing approximately 15% of the global fixed subscriptions, 40% of global mobile subscriptions and more than 35 countries in all regions except Oceania have been collected as input data. This represents a significant statistical foundation for further assessments and for extrapolation to the overall ICT networks. Approximately data for 10% of the global fixed and mobile subscriptions have been collected directly from operators, the remaining dataset is based on publicly reported data by some of the world’s largest telecom operators. The keyfindings of this study are:The total annual operational electricity consumption of the overall ICT networks globally is estimated to 242 TWh for 2015 including both grid (215 TWh) and on-site generated electricity (27 TWh). The total corresponds to 1.15% of the total electricity grid supply. The total annual operational carbon emissions of the ICT networks are estimated to 169 Mtonnes CO2e for 2015. This corresponds to 0.53% of the global carbon emissions related to energy (about 32 Gtonnes), or 0.34% of all carbon emissions (about 50 Gtonnes). Between 2010 and 2015 the electricity consumption of the ICT networks grew by 31% from a level of 185 TWh which corresponded to 0.97% of the total electricity grid supply. During the same period the operational carbon emissions grew by 17%. This could be compared to the increase in number of subscriptions from 6.7B to 9.0B during the same period.Per subscription, the average annual operational electricity consumption, including on-site generation, has decreased slightly from 27.6 kWh to 27 kWh per subscription between 2010 and 2015. For the operational carbon emissions, the emissions per user have reduced from 21,5 kg CO2e to 19 kg CO2e. The annual emissions per subscriber of 19 kg CO2e corresponds to driving about 100 km on the highway including the fuel supply chain emissions.Seen in the light of earlier estimates this study shows a result which is 24% lower than the operational carbon emissions estimated by the Smarter 2020 report for 2020.The result shows an approximately linear increase trend in annual electricity consumption and operational carbon emission. The fixed and broadband part is almost unchanged over time, so the increase is mainly associated with the expansion of mobile networks. Still the data traffic increase is in magnitude many times higher compared to the electricity consumption and operational carbon emission increase and the impact per subscription is actually decreasing in most cases.To understand the total ICT sector´s electricity consumption and operational carbon emissions, including all user equipment and the full life cycle, further studies are needed. However, this study brings a unique data set and insights regarding one of the key components – the operations of the network part of ICT.
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| 6. |
- Malmodin, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The future carbon footprint of the ICT and E&M sectors
- 2013
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Ingår i: ICT4S 2013. - Zürich. ; , s. 12-20
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we forecast the future carbon footprint of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Entertainment and Media (E&M) sectors in the year 2020 including the ICT and E&M related impact from a networked society, i.e. a society where both people and things are connected and communicate with each other. We also discuss sector boundaries, the full impact from the networked society,uncertainty, use of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) as data source and important perspectives when assessing ICT.
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| 7. |
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Notions of America : Swedish perspectives
- 2004. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Americanization is sometimes seen as a unilateral and undesirable invasion of cultural influences and products originating in America. This anthology suggests instead that, although countries in Europe receive, adapt, and transform American products, images, or symbols, we also leave much aside along with a real sense of the historical and cultural complexity of a nation like America.It is this complexity that Notions of America: Swedish Perspectives wishes to point to, with scholarly essays on Americanization, American history, and American literature presented at an international American Studies conference held in the English Department at Södertörn University College.This anthology offers a variety of learning opportunities and a chance to sample the work of scholars across a number of subject areas. Challenging all of us to venture beyond the borders of our own disciplines, moreover, these essays invite questions about what we do as academics, compelling us to think deeply about our profession, our educational aims, our personal commitments, and how aims and commitments are inevitably rooted in social and political networks.
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| 8. |
- Wendin, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Multi challenges for a multisensory panel
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sensory science is defined as a scientific method used to evoke, measure, analyze, and interpret those responses to products as perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing (Stone and Sidel, 1993). This definition encompasses both analytical methods, such as descriptive and discriminative testing and hedonic methods, including qualitative and quantitative consumer testing used to address sensory research objectives. To select and train a sensory panel with the purpose of using all their senses in evaluating products is a challenge. There are different types of standards on how to select and train sensory analytical panels. However, there are no standard covering all senses. The challenges for a multisensory approach are many. In this paper our focus is on:Select an analytical multisensory panelTrain and keep a multisensory panel updatedSome guidance to select and train a multisensory panel might be found in the ISO standard ISO8586:2012. Criteria for tastes and odours are clear and concise. Some advices concerning tactile senses (perception of texture) and vision (colour vision) are given. To find guidance in measuring the sensorial perception of audio and vision the literature might be consulted eg by Zackarov and Bech (2006), Legarth and Zacharov (2009) and Rossi (2013). The poster will show suggestions and experiences on how to select a multisensory panel.
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| 9. |
- Wendin, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Multi challenges for a multisensory panel
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sensory science is defined as a scientific method used to evoke, measure, analyze, and interpret those responses to products as perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing (Stone and Sidel, 1993). This definition encompasses both analytical methods, such as descriptive and discriminative testing and hedonic methods, including qualitative and quantitative consumer testing used to address sensory research objectives. To select and train a sensory panel with the purpose of using all their senses in evaluating products is a challenge. There are different types of standards on how to select and train sensory analytical panels. However, there are no standard covering all senses. The challenges for a multisensory approach are many. In this paper our focus is on: Select an analytical multisensory panel Train and keep a multisensory panel updated Some guidance to select and train a multisensory panel might be found in the ISO standard ISO8586:2012. Criteria for tastes and odours are clear and concise. Some advices concerning tactile senses (perception of texture) and vision (colour vision) are given. To find guidance in measuring the sensorial perception of audio and vision the literature might be consulted eg by Zackarov and Bech (2006), Legarth and Zacharov (2009) and Rossi (2013). The poster will show suggestions and experiences on how to select a multisensory panel.
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