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- Lundström, Lina, 1979-
(författare)
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Att göra vänskap : En kultursociologisk analys av högstadieelevers sociala relationer
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral thesis explores how secondary school students perform friendship in a Swedish school. The thesis aims to describe and explain how cultural elements, such as an audience of peers, stages for friendship performances (e.g. classrooms), time, cultural norms and ideals, interact in the production of meaning that are part in the drawing of social boundaries. Processes that make certain performances of friendship possible and others challenging. Video recordings, interviews and field observations are utilised in order to analyse how friendships are performed in an educational setting where the cultural ideal is to have (many) friends. The thesis applies a cultural sociological perspective– spanning from Alexander’s theory on cultural pragmatics, Lamont and Molnàr’s work on boundaries in social life, to Goffman’s micro analysis of social interaction. The results illuminate the importance of understanding friendship as cultural performances and that these performances often require hard work. Such performances are affected by the way students ascribe meaning to the cultural elements. This means that the outcome of a performance is not decided beforehand but is dependent on when, where, with and in front of whom, friendship is performed. The performances of friendship are a process, and therefore it possible to study which cultural elements that come into play, how they affect and are affected by the performances and how dimensions of social power, for instance, inclusion and exclusion processes, are part of the performances of friendship. The thesis identifies two main empirical results. Firstly, it shows how students’ performances of friendship are dependent on the school as a physical, organisational and cultural stage. The cultural ideal is that friends should be freely chosen. However, school is not voluntary, which creates a duality that challenges the ideal of voluntary friendship. Students spend the majority of their time together on the same stage where they form memories of friendship and expectations of future relational work, such as how an authentic friendship ought to be performed. Time and stage are thus cultural elements that intertwine in the deciding where social boundaries for friendship are drawn, namely, which students that can be friends. The social boundaries can also be strengthened by referring to a collective background representation containing e.g. gender norms and ideals for friendship. Ideals that are reproduced as far back as Aristotle. Yet, since cultural elements and their ascribed meaning also are apt for change, unexpected friendship performances become possible. Secondly, cultural ideals of friendship, such as loyalty and generosity, work to draw boundaries within and around friendship constellations, working in inclusionary and exclusionary ways. There is a strong cultural force in the relational dynamics of the doings of friendship. The self-worth and cultural value of being part of a specific “us” comes through in the students’ relational work. Further, when an established way of performing friendship is threatened due to minor changes, such as new unexpected friendships, the students use disloyalty and stinginess. Thus, they use the opposite of the friendship ideals to draw boundaries. In this sense, the thesis illuminates how a constructed cultural ideal can have real consequences and influence the doing of friendship, through both inclusion and exclusion.
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| 2. |
- Sandholm, Anna, 1966-
(författare)
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Metabolism of some polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in the rat
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For the understanding of the metabolic fate of xenobiotics, in vivo studies are needed. In this thesis the metabolism of CB-28 and CB-77 and BDE-209 in the rat are determined. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies of CB-28 and BDE- 209 are included. The compounds were radiolabelled and their excretion and tissue distribution determined. The metabolites were characterised by their behaviour in the clean-up steps. The analysis of non-conjugated metabolites was performed by GC/MS. For other metabolites, HPLC with radioactivity monitoring and LC/MS were used for the characterisation. The absorption of BDE-209 has previously been reported to be low, <1%. In this work the bioavailability of BDE-209 was determined to be as high as 26% and strong indications that its absorption was even higher. Lipophilic compounds are generally distributed to lipid-rich tissues. CB-28 was rapidly distributed to adipose tissue, which over time had the highest concentration. BDE-209 was not readily distributed to adipose tissue, the liver and plasma showing the highest concentrations instead. Selective distribution can be explained by selective affinity for certain tissue proteins. Orthohydroxylated CB-28 metabolite was selectively retained in the brain. There were indications that hydroxylated BDE-209 metabolites were selectively retained in plasma. The terminal half-life of BDE-209 in rat plasma was 57 h and metabolism and faecal excretion the major routes of elimination.Common for all compounds was that the metabolic pathway included reactive metabolites. Non-extractable, water-soluble and lipid-bound metabolites were also found. For CB-77, the lipid-bound metabolites were studied and these were shown to be associated to polar lipids, e.g. phospholipids. There were indications that they were formed in the liver.In conclusion, this thesis discusses the metabolism of two PCB congeners and BDE-209. The importances of metabolism studies are emphasised for risk assessment and the understanding of levels in biota. The clearance, metabolism and distribution of a compound are essential for an understanding of biological and toxicological effects.
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| 3. |
- Sandström, Edvin, 1983-
(författare)
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The Convaluation of Performance Art : A Study of Peer Recognition Among Performance Artists
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Processes and forms of valuation, evaluation and valorization are important for bringing contemporary social life in order. In this thesis, I study the values of the small and autonomous avant-garde of the art-world, performance art. In art worlds, arguably, we can expect to find the most extreme cases of activities which constantly aim at transgressing existing ideas of what is valued in this world, i.e., art. Performance art is an activity that contemplates the border between art and non-art, and that as an activity contributes to the constitution of this border. My focus is on the ongoing process, which is seen in a historical light. I look at the social structure that both enables and constitutes values. I argue that this process should be understood as a convaluation (Aspers 2008), a partial order with some temporal extension that enables coordination based on valuation and evaluation processes. I find that the convaluation of performance art is characterized by a switched role structure––meaning that actors operate as both artists and curators and as such, switch from being evaluated to evaluating others. The central value that constitutes the convaluation of performance art is bodily presence.
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