| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 3. |
- Alm Carlsson, Gudrun, et al.
(författare)
-
Monte Carlo metoden : ett verktyg inom strålningsfysiken
- 1995
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta kompendium är tänkt att användas som ett propedeutiskt kursmaterial för kursdeltagare i kursen "Monte Carlo simulering av foton- och elektrontransport vid diagnostiska och radioterapeutiska strålkvaliteter". Först följer en kort repetition av den grundläggande statistik som utnyt1jas i beräkningarna. Därefter följer en beskrivning av slumptal. det fundament som metoden bygger på. Vidare beskrivs val ur olika frekvensfunktioner. Valet kan även göras ur så kallade falska fördelningar för att reducera variansen i den skattade storheten. Metoderna belyses i ett avsnitt om problemlösningsmetodik. först i allmänna termer för att sen gå in på ett specifikt problem (Buffons nålproblem) där en analys och strukturering av problemet görs varefter flödesschema och kodning exemplifieras. Så följer två moment där en beskrivning görs av färderna av fotoner respektive elektroner genom materia. För elektronfärderna gör man en indelning i klass 1- och klass II-färder. Vad detta innebär och hur deltapartiklar tas om hand beskrivs i ett kapitel. Till sist kommer en kort introduktion till de tre laborationerna med laborationshandledningar. Speciell vikt har lagts vid att initiera laboranten att fundera på fysiken i de simulerade experimenten. Detta kompendium har tillkommit som examinationsarbete vid en kurs i "Monte Carlo simulering av foton- och elektrontransport vid diagnostiska och radioterapeutiska strålkvaliteter", med andra ord den kurs du själv nu ämnar studera. Författarna önskar dig lycka till med kursen och hoppas att du kommer att få glädje av den. Speciellt hoppas vi att denna skrift ska underlätta för dig att tillgodogöra dig informationen vid föreläsningarna och under laborationerna.
|
|
| 4. |
- Baumann, Pia, et al.
(författare)
-
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for medically inoperable patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer - a first report of toxicity related to COPD/CVD in a non-randomized prospective phase II study.
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 88:3, s. 359-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In a retrospective study using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in medically inoperable patients with stage I NSCLC we previously reported a local control rate of 88% utilizing a median dose of 15Gyx3. This report records the toxicity encountered in a prospective phase II trial, and its relation to coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardio vascular disease (CVD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients were entered in the study between August 2003 and September 2005. Fifty-seven patients (T1 65%, T2 35%) with a median age of 75 years (59-87 years) were evaluable. The baseline mean FEV1% was 64% and median Karnofsky index was 80. A total dose of 45Gy was delivered in three fractions at the 67% isodose of the PTV. Clinical, pulmonary and radiological evaluations were made at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36 months post-SBRT. Toxicity was graded according to CTC v2.0 and performance status was graded according to the Karnofsky scale. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 23 months, 2 patients had relapsed locally. No grade 4 or 5 toxicity was reported. Grade 3 toxicity was seen in 12 patients (21%). There was no significant decline of FEV1% during follow-up. Low grade pneumonitis developed to the same extent in the CVD 3/17 (18%) and COPD 7/40 (18%) groups. The incidence of fibrosis was 9/17 (53%) and pleural effusions was 8/17 (47%) in the CVD group compared with 13/40 (33%) and 5/40 (13%) in the COPD group. CONCLUSION: SBRT for stage I NSCLC patients who are medically inoperable because of COPD and CVD results in a favourable local control rate with a low incidence of grade 3 and no grade 4 or 5 toxicity.
|
|
| 5. |
- Córdova-Palomera, Aldo, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic control of variability in subcortical and intracranial volumes
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 26:8, s. 3876-3883
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensitivity to external demands is essential for adaptation to dynamic environments, but comes at the cost of increased risk of adverse outcomes when facing poor environmental conditions. Here, we apply a novel methodology to perform genome-wide association analysis of mean and variance in ten key brain features (accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, intracranial volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness), integrating genetic and neuroanatomical data from a large lifespan sample (n = 25,575 individuals; 8-89 years, mean age 51.9 years). We identify genetic loci associated with phenotypic variability in thalamus volume and cortical thickness. The variance-controlling loci involved genes with a documented role in brain and mental health and were not associated with the mean anatomical volumes. This proof-of-principle of the hypothesis of a genetic regulation of brain volume variability contributes to establishing the genetic basis of phenotypic variance (i.e., heritability), allows identifying different degrees of brain robustness across individuals, and opens new research avenues in the search for mechanisms controlling brain and mental health.
|
|
| 6. |
- Creelman, Alastair, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Nordic Alliance for Open Education - State of the art, challenges and opportunities
- 2013
-
Ingår i: <em>The Joy of Learning</em> <em>Enhancing Learning Experience - Improving Learning Quality</em>. - Oslo : European Distance and E-Learning Network. - 9789638955937
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Are the Nordic countries forerunners in Open Education? What is the state of the art, barriersand opportunities of Open Education in the Nordic countries? What are necessary actions onpolicy, institutional and individual levels? These are the main questions of this paper.Open Educational Resources are discussed widely on a global, European and even Nordiclevel. UNESCO, which has coined the term Open Educational Resources (OER) some 10 yearsago, published in June 2012 a global agenda for OER, the Paris Declaration (adopted by OERWorld Congress). The Declaration shows the importance of Open Educational Resources andgives recommendations to governments and institutions around the globe. The EuropeanUnion has started a large-scale initiative on “Opening Up Education”(http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/documents/consult/open_en.pdf).The concept of OER seems promising, potentially leading to educational collaborations,having potential for stimulating innovation in education, reducing cost of education, andbroadening access to education for all. However, the awareness on the opportunities of usingOERs is still low in the Nordic countries. In contrast to Open Access (for publications) orOpen Source (for software development), OER are not yet broadly known and accepted /adopted. It is highly necessary to combine the initiatives and ideas of open approaches. This isthe case at a user level as well as on policy level (see also Clements & Pawlowski, 2012).Therefore, it is important to promote OER to governments at all levels as well as toinstitutions.The Nordic countries seem to be a good ground for openness and sharing: the Nordiccountries share many values related to education and technology development; the political and governmental institutions are quite similar – there is also a tradition for exchange ofknowledge and solutions between the countries.In this paper, we briefly give an introduction to OER and reflect on the state if the art of OpenEducation in the Nordic countries. In expert workshops by the Nordic Open EducationAlliance, barriers and possible interventions to overcome them were explored. Based on these,we formulate recommendations as well as propose implementation actions. This study isbased on a position paper from the Nordic Open Education Alliance(http://www.nordlet.org/?=position).
|
|
| 7. |
- Kaufmann, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
-
Common brain disorders are associated with heritable patterns of apparent aging of the brain
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature Neuroscience. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1097-6256 .- 1546-1726. ; 22:10, s. 1617-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Common risk factors for psychiatric and other brain disorders are likely to converge on biological pathways influencing the development and maintenance of brain structure and function across life. Using structural MRI data from 45,615 individuals aged 3-96 years, we demonstrate distinct patterns of apparent brain aging in several brain disorders and reveal genetic pleiotropy between apparent brain aging in healthy individuals and common brain disorders.
|
|
| 8. |
- Pawlowski, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a Nordic Alliance for Open Education – a Position Paper
- 2013
-
Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The paper outlines the current situation of Open Education / Open Educational Resources in the Nordic country. We show examples and practices - based on expert workshops, we discuss barriers and necessary actions to overcome those. The paper is meant to be dynamic and will be improved and further developed - be part of the process at http://www.nordlet.orgOpen Educational Resources are discussed widely on a global, European and even Nordic level. UNESCO coined the term Open Educational Resources (OER) some 10 years ago and published in June 2012 a global agenda for OER, the Paris Declaration (adopted by OER World Congress). The Declaration shows the importance of Open Educational Resources and givesrecommendations to governments and institutions around the globe. The European Union has started a large-scale initiative on “Opening Up Education" (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/documents/consult/open_en.pdf). Both the Nordic Council and the Nordic University Co-operation (NUS) will discuss OER in 2013. These developments inspired a Nordic initiative on promoting and utilizing Open Education in the Nordic countries with a focus on creating a strong base for OER and Open Educational Practices (OEP) in the region, also with a global outreach in mind. The Nordic countries have the potential to become a forerunner in OEP and the use of OER activities in Europe: 1 The Nordic countries share many values related to education and technology development; the political and governmental institutions are quite similar and there is a tradition for exchange f knowledge and solutions between the countries. Focusing on arelatively homogeneous region llows the newly-formed group to come up with specific recommendations that can reach the ears of policy makers, be implemented in policies and practice, and be used in new project proposals. 2 Open Educational Resources could potentially be a change agent in schools as well as in universities and vocational education. Having OER as scope allows the group to use one strong prism to reflect the crossroads the educational systems have to navigate in the target countries. In this document, we will briefly give an introduction to OER and reflect on the main recommendations as well as propose implementation actions for governments and institutions.
|
|
| 9. |
- Sharma, Sapna, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-term ice phenology records spanning up to 578 years for 78 lakes around the Northern Hemisphere
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Nature. - 2052-4463. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, lakes have experienced unprecedented ice loss with widespread ramifications for winter ecological processes. The rapid loss of ice, resurgence of winter biology, and proliferation of remote sensing technologies, presents a unique opportunity to integrate disciplines to further understand the broad spatial and temporal patterns in ice loss and its consequences. Here, we summarize ice phenology records for 78 lakes in 12 countries across North America, Europe, and Asia to permit the inclusion and harmonization of in situ ice phenology observations in future interdisciplinary studies. These ice records represent some of the longest climate observations directly collected by people. We highlight the importance of applying the same definition of ice-on and ice-off within a lake across the time-series, regardless of how the ice is observed, to broaden our understanding of ice loss across vast spatial and temporal scales.
|
|
| 10. |
- Taghipour, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Friction and wear characteristics of steel on rock under water and oil based lubricated sliding conditions
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces. - 1751-5831 .- 1751-584X. ; 9:2, s. 85-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, drilling extended reach wells have become more and more common in the petroleum industry to optimise the oil and gas production. Extended reach wells are defined as wells that have two times more horizontal step out than true vertical depth. High friction (frictional torque) and drag are two of the mechanical limiting factors while drilling longer horizontal wellbores. There are numerous methods and tools developed to lower the drillstring friction. Drilling non-circular wellbores is a new concept with potential to minimise the mechanical friction by reducing drillstring and sidewalls contact area. However, this will cause an increase of contact pressure owing to the reduced contact area between drillstring and the formation. This article presents results obtained from an experimental study pertaining to the friction behaviour using a pin on disc set-up with steel pin and granite disc in the presence of water and oil based lubricants. These tests have been designed to represent frictional contact conditions between a rotating steel drillstring and the wellbore wall at different contact pressures. Test results show that the friction coefficient decreases with an increase of contact pressure in wet condition for both water and oil based lubricants. It is also observed that the friction factor increased by adding sand and phyllite particles to the water based lubricant. Considering the wear scars, the friction coefficient shows reduction with increased contact pressure in all tests with and without particles for both water and oil based lubricants.
|
|
