| 1. |
- Lundahl, Kristoffer, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing Rollover Indices for Critical Truck Maneuvers
- 2015
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Ingår i: SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles. - : SAE International. - 1946-391X .- 1946-3928. ; 8:1, s. 189-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rollover has for long been a major safety concern for trucks, and will be even more so as automated driving is envisaged to becoming a key element of future mobility. A natural way to address rollover is to extend the capabilities of current active-safety systems with a system that intervenes by steering or braking actuation when there is a risk of rollover. Assessing and predicting the rollover is usually performed using rollover indices calculated either from lateral acceleration or lateral load transfer. Since these indices are evaluated based on different physical observations it is not obvious how they can be compared or how well they reflect rollover events in different situations.In this paper we investigate the implication of the above mentioned rollover indices in different critical maneuvers for a heavy 8×4 twin-steer truck. The analysis is based on optimal control applied to a five degrees of freedom chassis model with individual wheel dynamics and high-fidelity tire-force modeling. Driving scenarios prone to rollover accidents are considered, with a circular-shaped turn and a slalom maneuver being studied in-depth. The optimization objective for the considered maneuvers are formulated as minimum-time and maximum entry-speed problems, both triggering critical maneuvers and forcing the vehicle to operate on the limit of its physical capabilities. The implication of the rollover indices on the optimal trajectories is investigated by constraining the optimal maneuvers with different rollover indices, thus limiting the vehicle's maneuvering envelope with respect to each rollover index. The resulting optimal trajectories constrained by different rollover indices are compared and analyzed in detail. Additionally, the conservativeness of the indices for assessing the risk of rollovers are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Lundahl, Kristoffer, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating Vehicle Model Detail for Close to Limit Maneuvers Aiming at Optimal Control
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In advanced road vehicle safety systems it is imperative to have a model describing the vehicle motions and behaviors with sufficient precision. Often a model incorporating a higher level of complexity generates more accurate data, with the disadvantage of demanding additional calculation power. This study will therefore focus on investigating how models of different detail level represents the vehicle behavior, for maneuvers going from moderate to more aggressive. The characteristics in particular investigated are tire saturation, tire force lag and the effect of load transfers. A vehicle testbed has also been developed, making model validations towards experimental data available.
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| 3. |
- Lundahl, Kristoffer, 1984-
(författare)
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Modeling and Optimization for Critical Vehicle Maneuvers
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As development in sensor technology, situation awareness systems, and computational hardware for vehicle systems progress, an opportunity for more advanced and sophisticated vehicle safety-systems arises. With the increased level of available information---such as position on the road, road curvature and knowledge about surrounding obstacles---future systems could be seen utilizing more advanced controls, exploiting at-the-limit behavior of the vehicle. Having this in mind, optimization methods have emerged as a powerful tool for offline vehicle-performance evaluation, providing inspiration to new control strategies, and by direct implementation in on-board systems. This will, however, require a careful choice of modeling and objectives, since the solution to the optimization problem will rely on this.With emphasis on vehicle modeling for optimization-based maneuvering applications, a vehicle-dynamics testbed has been developed. Using this vehicle in a series of experiments, most extensively in a double lane-change maneuver, verified the functionality and capability of the equipment. Further, a comparative study was performed, considering vehicle models based on the single-track model, extended with, e.g., tire-force saturation, tire-force lag and roll dynamics. The ability to predict vehicle behavior was evaluated against measurement data from the vehicle testbed.A platform for solving vehicle-maneuvering optimization-problems has been developed, with state-of-the-art optimization tools, such as JModelica.org and Ipopt. This platform is utilized for studies concerning the influence different vehicle-model configurations have on the solution to critical maneuvering problems. In particular, different tire modeling approaches, as well as vehicle-chassis models of various complexity, are investigated. Also, the influence different road-surface conditions-e.g., asphalt, snow and ice-have on the solution to time-optimal maneuvers is studied.The results show that even for less complex models-such as a single-track model with a Magic Formula based tire-model-accurate predictions can be obtained when compared to measurement data. The general observation regarding vehicle modeling for the time-critical maneuvers is similar; even the least complex models can be seen to capture certain characteristics analogous to those of higher complexity.Analyzing the results from the optimization problems, it is seen that the overall dynamics, such as resultant forces and yaw moment, obtained for different model configurations, correlates very well. For different road surfaces, the solutions will of course differ due to the various levels of tire-forces being possible to realize. However, remarkably similar vehicle paths are obtained, regardless of surface. These are valuable observations, since they imply that models of less complexity could be utilized in future on-board optimization-algorithms, to generate, e.g., yaw moment and vehicle paths. In combination with additional information from enhanced situation-awareness systems, this enables more advanced safety-systems to be considered for future vehicles.
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| 4. |
- Lundahl, Kristoffer, 1984-
(författare)
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Models and Critical Maneuvers for Road Vehicles
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As manufacturers are pushing their research and development toward more simulation based and computer aided methods, vehicle dynamics modeling and simulation become more important than ever. The challenge lies in how to utilize the new technology to its fullest, delivering the best possible performance given certain objectives and current restrictions. Here, optimization methods in different forms can be a tremendous asset. However, the solution to an optimization problem will always rely on the problem formulation, where model validity plays a crucial role. The main emphasis in this thesis lies within methodology and analysis of optimal control oriented topics for safety-critical road-vehicle maneuvers. A crucial element here is the vehicle models. This is investigated as a first study, evaluating the degree to which different model configurations can represent the lateral vehicle dynamics in critical maneuvers, where it is shown that even the low-complexity models describe the most essential vehicle characteristics surprisingly well.How to formulate the optimization problems and utilize optimal control tools is not obvious. Therefore, a methodology for road-vehicle maneuvering in safety-critical driving scenarios is presented, and used in evaluation studies of various vehicle model configurations and different road-surface conditions. It was found that the overall dynamics is described similarly for both the high- and low-complexity models, as well as for various road-surface conditions.If more information about the surroundings is available, the best control actions might differ from the ones in traditional safety systems. This is also studied, where the fundamental control strategies of classic electronic stability control is compared to the optimal strategy in a safety-critical scenario. It is concluded that the optimal braking strategy not only differs from the traditional strategies, but actually counteracts the fundamental intentions from which the traditional systems are based on.In contrast to passenger cars, heavy trucks experience other characteristics due to the different geometric proportions. Rollover is one example, which has to be considered in critical maneuvering. Model configurations predicting this phenomenon are investigated using optimal control methods. The results show that the simple first go-to models have to be constrained very conservatively to prevent rollover in more rapid maneuvers.In vehicle systems designed for path following, which has become a trending topic with the expanding area of automated driving, the requirements on vehicle modeling can be very high. These requirements ultimately depend on several various properties, where the path restrictions and path characteristics are very influential factors. The interplay between these path properties and the required model characteristics is here investigated. In situations where a smooth path is obtained, low-complexity models can suffice if path deviation tolerances are set accordingly. In more rapid and tricky maneuvers, however, vehicle properties such as yaw inertia are found to be important.Several of the included studies indicate that vehicle models of lower complexity can describe the overall dynamics sufficiently in critical driving scenarios, which is a valuable observation for future development.
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| 5. |
- Lundahl, Kristoffer, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Lane-Keeping Electronic Stability Control for Road-Vehicles
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014. - : International Federation of Automatic Control. ; , s. 6319-6325
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emerging new idea of lane-keeping electronic stability control is investigated. In a critical situation, such as entering a road curve at excessive speed, the optimal behavior may differ from the behavior of traditional ESC, for example, by prioritizing braking over steering response. The important question that naturally arises is if this has a significant effect on safety. The main contribution here is to give a method for some first quantitative measures of this. It is based on optimal control, applied to a double-track chassis model with wheel dynamics and high-fidelity tire-force modeling. The severity of accidents grows with the square of the kinetic energy for high velocities, so using kinetic energy as a measure will at least not overestimate the usefulness of the new safety system principle. The main result is that the safety gain is significant compared to traditional approaches based on yaw rotation, for several situations and different road-condition parameters.
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