| 1. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions Across Firms and Bid Rigging
- 2020
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Ingår i: Review of Industrial Organization. - : Springer. - 0889-938X .- 1573-7160. ; 56:1, s. 107-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluate whether an econometric technique that is used in the spatial econometrics and network effects literature can be adopted as a test for collusive bidding in public procurement auctions. The proposed method is applied to the Swedish asphalt cartel that was discovered in 2001. Our dataset covers the period 1995–2009, which makes it possible to test for conditional independence between complementary cartel bids before and after 2001. Our estimates show a significant positive correlation between complementary cartel bids during the cartel period, whereas a non-significant correlation is shown during the later period. The variance of the parameter estimate of interest also differs between the periods, which suggests a structural change in bidding behavior among cartel members between the two periods.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Granlund, David, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Det offentliga som konkurrent på kommersiella marknader - En samhällsekonomisk analys med exemplet konferensmarknaden
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I den här rapporten analyseras samhällsekonomiska effekter av att det offentliga konkurrerar med privata företag på kommersiella marknader. Den innehåller även en pilotstudie av marknaden för en – och tvådagarskonferenser tillämpad på Umeåregionen.Svensk konkurrenslagstiftning inkluderar regler om konkurrensbegränsande offentlig säljverksamhet. Reglerna gäller för den offentliga sektorn i sin helhet, dvs stat, primärkommuner (kommun) eller landstingskommuner (landsting) och juridiska personer vars verksamhet den offentliga sektorn har ett dominerande inflytande över. Inflytandet kan ta sig formen av ägande, finansieringsvillkor, styrelse, lag och avtal. Frågan om det offentliga som konkurrent är även samhällsekonomiskt relevant då snedvridning av konkurrens i form av exempelvis underprissättning till följd av stöd, kan innebära en samhällsekonomisk förlust.Sammantaget visar den samhällsekonomiska analysen att det inte går att dra några generella slutsatser om att konkurrens från den offentliga sektorn på marknader med en etablerad kommersiell verksamhet alltid är problematisk. Även i situationer där konkurrensen sker på olika villkor kan fördelarna med den offentliga aktörens medverkan överväga nackdelarna. Baserat på pilotstudien och olika scenarios avseende konferensmarknaden i Umeå, är det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att fördelarna med offentliga aktörer kan dominera nackdelarna under förutsättning att den offentliga aktörens produktionskostnad maximalt är en procent högre än en privat aktörs produktionskostnad för motsvarande konferens. Analysen visar att subventioner till offentliga aktörer överskridande 1,3 miljoner kronor inte kan motiveras utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv i något scenario. I scenariot där den offentliga aktören ägnar sig åt underprissättning överväger nackdelarna även om verksamheten klarar sig utan subvention.
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| 4. |
- Güney, Pelin, et al.
(författare)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depression : Improvement in Quality of Life Depending on Age and Sex
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of ECT. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1095-0680 .- 1533-4112. ; 36:4, s. 242-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: It is uncertain if there are variations in the improvement of quality in life between sexes and age groups after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The aim of this study was to investigate how health-related quality of life changed after treatment and to examine differences in the results between sex and age groups.METHODS: This register-based study used data from the Swedish national quality register for ECT. The study population was patients diagnosed with depression who had received ECT. Health-related quality of life was quantified using the 3-level version the EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D 3 L). Analysis of variance was used to compare change in EQ-5D score from pretreatment to posttreatment between sex and age groups.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ visual analog scale (VAS) score in all patient groups after ECT. The mean improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ-VAS score ranged from 0.31 to 0.46 and 28.29 to 39.79, respectively. Elderly patients had greater improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ-VAS score than younger patients. There was no significant difference in improvement between the sexes. The mean improvement in EQ-5D index score was 0.40 for male patients and 0.41 for female patients.CONCLUSIONS: Electroconvulsive therapy had a considerable effect on health-related quality of life in patients with depression of both sexes and all age groups. The improvement was greatest in elderly patients, who more often had psychotic features. More studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of ECT and to further explain the varying treatment results between elderly and younger patients.
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| 5. |
- Holmberg, Johan, 1994-
(författare)
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Essays on earnings formation, labor market dynamics, and taxation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chapter [I] analyses the dynamic properties of life-cycle earnings of men and women in Sweden by fitting a model to the covariance structure of earnings. We find that the financial crisis of 2008 did not have any major impact on the variability of earnings and that the upward trend in permanent earnings inequality observed in Sweden during the 1990s does not continue in the 2000s. Using the model to simulate the accumulation of income pension entitlements, we find that college-educated workers have smaller variations in pension entitlements than workers with less education.Chapter [II] presents a life-cycle earnings dynamics model that includes endogenous employment and job change. The model is estimated on Swedish register data using indirect inference. By simulating data from this model, we study the macroeconomic consequences of transitory shocks to unemployment risk, how unemployment at different ages affects the accumulation of pension entitlements, and analyze how different factors contribute to earnings inequality. We find that transitory aggregate shocks to unemployment risk have long-lasting negative effects on employment and earnings, that becoming unemployed at age 40 has a large negative effect on pension accumulations, and that unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes substantially to the observed life-cycle earnings inequality for both men and women in Sweden.Chapter [III] presents a model of earnings dynamics that includes transitions in and out of employment and business cycle fluctuations. The model is estimated using indirect inference and a mix of Swedish register, survey and macro data. We find that the transitions from unemployment to employment are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than the probability of remaining employed. By simulating data from the model, we find that the business cycle has a relatively small impact on earnings inequality in Sweden and that young workers are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than older workers.Chapter [IV] deals with optimal nonlinear taxation of income and profits in a general equilibrium model with frictional unemployment. We find that the government can achieve redistribution of income through taxation without distorting production efficiency. This outcome is possible if the government uses two nonlinear tax instruments, taxing profits and labor income separately. The results also show that including involuntary unemployment creates an incentive to tax entrepreneurial income at lower marginal rates and labor income at higher marginal rates than otherwise.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Distributional Effects of Lower Food Prices in a Rich Country
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Policy. - : Springer. - 0168-7034 .- 1573-0700. ; 35:2, s. 373-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Controlling for differences in taxes and transportation costs, the Nordic Competition Authorities claims, in a report from 2005, that food prices are 11% higher in Sweden compared to the EU-15 countries. One explanation for this put forward in the report is the limited competition on this market which suggests there to be a potential for lower food prices. This paper focuses on distributional effects of a price decrease on food. Based on a simple model of household utility, the households demand for food is derived and estimated. Price and income elasticities for different income groups are then calculated based on these parameter estimates. Our results suggest that food is a normal good with an average income elasticity of approximately 0.18 and a price elasticity of 0.45. In addition, and of importance from a policy perspective, the results indicate the income elasticity to differ across income groups while price elasticities are constant.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Hushållens efterfrågan på dagligvaror och val av dagligvarubutik i Umeå kommun.
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande rapport är att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar hushållens efterfrågan på dagligvaror samt vilka faktorer som styr hushållens val av dagligvarubutik. Den ekonometriska analysen bygger på ett datamaterial bestående av totalt 116 enkätsvar från hushåll i Umeå kommun. Enkäten omfattar information om hushållens sammansättning, inkomstnivå, bostadsområde, val av dagligvarubutik för olika typer av inköp (stora inköp (veckohandel), medelstora inköp samt mindre inköp (kompletteringshandel)), hushållets utgifter för dagligvaror per månad, hushållets storlek etc. Det begränsade empiriska materialet gör det inte möjligt att utifrån de resultat som presenteras dra några statistiskt säkerställda slutsatser. Däremot ger den ekonometriska analysen möjlighet att formulera hypoteser som kan studeras ytterligare i en mer omfattande studie. Därmed skall denna rapport ses som en förstudie till en mer omfattande studie baserad på ett utskick om cirka 3 000 enkäter. Ett mer sådant empiriskt underlag skulle även göra det möjligt att använda mer sofistikerade ekonometriska metoder.
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| 10. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Join the Club : On the Attractiveness of Golf Club Membership
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze determinants of the attractiveness of membership in Swedish golfclubs. This is modeled as a utility maximization problem and is estimated using a unique data set that includes 99 percent of all golf clubs in Sweden. We find that the annual membership fees and the member profile have a significant impact on the club´s attractiveness as well as a number of other important characteristics of the club and the municipality in which the club is located. The latter result indicates that not only the characteristics of the club itself but also its location matter for its attractiveness.
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