| 1. |
- Tran Luciani, Danwei, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Designing fine-grained interactions for automation in air traffic control
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - London : Springer London. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 22:4, s. 685-701
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our work aims to explore novel approaches to the challenge of designing the interaction between people and automation. Through a case study within the domain of air traffic control, we focus on designing fine-grained human–automation interactions. We design a concept and develop an interactive lo-fi prototype of an assisted sketching system to enable air traffic controllers to interact with automation in a fine-grained manner and to externalize mental images. Assisted sketching seems to offer a possible way to communicate different degrees of predictive certainty using visual cues and interaction. Our insights further suggest that externalization through assisted sketching could encourage exploration of future scenarios, and support communication and collaboration between air traffic controllers and between air traffic controllers and pilots. The explorative benefits for the individual decision-making process might be more evident in situations where air traffic controllers have more time for reflection, for example during planning or debriefing and in educational settings.
|
|
| 2. |
- Tran Luciani, Danwei, 1985-
(författare)
-
Designing for sketching to support concept exploration
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sketching is a way of exploring early concepts through the act of externalization in a suitable material with the aid of a suitable tool. One could use paper and sketch with a pencil or go digital and sketch with code. What is appropriate to choose depends on the situation and on the skillset of the person who is going to sketch. When sketching is done successfully, the externalization can “speak back” and thus engage the sketcher, and others, in a conversation leading to a better understanding of the sketched concepts as well as new concept ideas. This is thoroughly documented in literature – a typical example would be an architect sketching a site plan on a flat piece of paper and being able to read into the possible movements in the third-dimensional space. Sketching generally works like this in familiar, that is, idiomatic situations for experienced sketchers. In unfamiliar or non-idiomatic situations, existing sketching tools are inadequate for expressing and exploring early concepts. For novice sketchers, with limited sketching literacy, even attempting to sketch in an idiomatic situation can be challenging.Through three cases, I design for concept exploration by enabling sketching to understand how this can be done in new situations. The first case deals with expert sketchers exploring non-idiomatic situations: professional creatives working with fulldome format for visual communication. The second case deals with novice sketchers exploring non-idiomatic situations: design students working with virtual reality. The third case deals with novice sketchers exploring idiomatic situations: air traffic controllers working with finding alternative routes for aircraft in the airspace with automation support.I take a constructive design approach by making design examples and reflecting during and after the process. With the help of the design examples, I engage domain experts through participatory co-design workshops and elicit insights in order to inspire further design work. What I learn through this dynamic making-workshopping-and-reflecting process forms the foundation of the knowledge contribution. It is presented here as three design tactics on how sketching could be like to support concept exploration: 1) be responsive, 2) emulate salient material properties, and 3) be lightweight.
|
|
| 3. |
- Arvola, Mattias, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of precedent designs : Competitive analysis meets genre analysis
- 2010
-
Ingår i: NordiCHI '10 Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781605589343 ; , s. 23-31
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designers need to survey the competition and analyze precedent designs, but methods for that purpose have not been evaluated in earlier research. This paper makes a comparative evaluation between competitive analysis and genre analysis. A randomized between-group experiment was conducted where graphic design students were conducted one of the two analysis methods. There were 13 students in one group and 16 in the other. The results show that genre analysis produced more detailed descriptions of precedent designs, but its process was more difficult to understand. It is concluded that genre analysis can be integrated into competitive analysis, to make use of the strengths of both methods in the analysis of precedents.
|
|
| 4. |
- Böhm, Cornelia, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulations in service design prototyping : Drone deliveries with society-in-the-loop
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Playing with tensions. - Delft : TU Delft. - 9789463665070 ; , s. 144-153
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research-through-design study explores how computer simulations of drone delivery traffic can be used in service design. It investigates how computer simulations compared to a desktop walkthrough can inform the design, and how simulations can be used to facilitate a citizen perspective in service design. A workshop where participants evaluated a simulation of the drone delivery service was compared to a workshop where the participants took part in a desktop walkthrough. The results showed that the participants discussed many of the same aspects, but there was a difference in the perspectives taken. The participants using the simulation took more of a community perspective and discussed dystopian risks, and they also used the simulation to compare distance and speed. The participants in the desktop walkthrough took more of a customer perspective and a technology perspective. It is concluded that the simulation helped participants gain common ground of dynamic aspects of intense drone traffic and that the aerial view lifted the perspective from the service encounters and service users to that of the surrounding society.
|
|
| 5. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Is CBA ranking of transport investments robust?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - : University of Bath. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 48:2, s. 189-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cost-benefit analyses (CBA) are often questioned on the grounds that results depend crucially on uncertain assumptions about the future, and on ethically or methodologically contestable trade-offs between different types of benefits. This paper explores the robustness of CBA rankings of transport investments with respect to two types of uncertainties: relative benefit valuations and scenario assumptions related to car ownership, car characteristics and driving costs. The impact of differentiating the value of time with respect to travel mode and purpose is also studied. The study concludes that CBA rankings are robust to all of the studied variations.
|
|
| 6. |
- Elmquist, Elias, 1996-, et al.
(författare)
-
SonAir: the design of a sonification of radar data for air traffic control
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces. - : SPRINGER. - 1783-7677 .- 1783-8738. ; 17:3, s. 137-149
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Along with the increase of digitalization and automation, a new kind of working environment is emerging in the field of air traffic control. Instead of situating the control tower at the airport, it is now possible to remotely control the airport at any given location, i.e. in a remote tower center (RTC). However, by controlling the airport remotely, the situational awareness and sense of presence might be compromised. By using directional sound, a higher situational awareness could potentially be achieved while also offloading the visual perception which is heavily used in air traffic control. Suitable use cases for sonification in air traffic control were found through workshops with air traffic controllers. A sonification design named SonAir was developed based on the outcome of the workshops, and was integrated with an RTC simulator for evaluating to what degree SonAir could support air traffic controllers in their work. The results suggest that certain aspects of SonAir could be useful for air traffic controllers. A continuous sonification where the spatial positioning of aircraft were conveyed was experienced to be partially useful, but the intrusiveness of SonAir should be further considered to fit the air traffic controllers’ needs. An earcon that conveyed when an aircraft enters the airspace and from which direction was considered useful to support situational awareness.
|
|
| 7. |
- Hammarbäck, Jimmy, 1977-
(författare)
-
Modelling intent for Manned-Unmanned Teaming : Exploring human-centric approaches for future combat aircraft systems
- 2022
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- What does it mean to understand intent? This question is at the core of resilient teamwork since team members must account for each other’s intent in anticipated as well as unanticipated situations to adaptively coordinate their actions. As we enter an era where humans and synthetic agents are supposed to work as teammates, this question is brought to its head. For instance, unmanned aircraft are expected to act as human-like wingmen in the near future, requiring them to account for and adapt to the lead fighter pilot’s intent in various contexts and situations with little or no communication. To this end, adequate models of fighter pilots’ intent are crucial for enabling synthetic wingmen to reason about what their partner is doing, why, and what will happen next. Unfortunately, the concept of intent is often ambiguous and approaches to model intent are rarely described. As a result, researchers and practitioners often rely on assumptions regarding what aspects and elements of intent should be modelled–and how to approach the problem of modelling intent. This thesis addresses the what and how to model intent from a human-centric perspective by defining and operationalising the concept of intent and suggesting three novel and complementary approaches. Additionally, by applying the approaches to model fighter pilot intent in the context of Manned-Unmanned Teaming, both methodological considerations when modelling intent and design implications for future applications are presented.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hammarbäck, Jimmy, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling situated intent for human-autonomy teaming: a human-centric approach
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; , s. 1-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- entering an era where humans and synthetic agents are supposed to collaborate and cooperate, adequate models of human intent are cru-cial for coordinated teamwork. Unfortunately, although there is a need for such models, the concept of intent is ambiguous and approaches to model intent from a human-centric perspective are scarce. Building upon theoretical and methodological foundations, this study aims to address these gaps by presenting a conceptualisation of intent along-side an approach. specifically, leveraging the six levels of cognitive control outlined in the Joint control Framework, a provisional model of human intent alongside a defined and operationalised concept is presented. Building on these foundations, a novel approach is pro-posed. Utilising seven scenario-based interviews, the value of these contributions is demonstrated through an example case in the context of Manned-Unmanned teaming. it is concluded that intent should be understood as a multi-faceted concept shaped by situated constraints, where intent is formed through a commitment to choices by context-sit-uation and means-end reasoning. it is also concluded that the approach is useful, particularly since it can glean insights from choices considered and committed, both being essential in the design of synthetic team-mates’ capability to adapt to their human partner’s agency.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hammarbäck, Jimmy, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
My synthetic wingman must understand me: modelling intent for future manned–unmanned teaming
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Cognition, Technology & Work. - : Springer. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 26, s. 107-126
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cognitive modelling, unmanned aircraft are expected to actas human-like wingmen in the near future. For fluent and effective manned–unmanned teaming, synthetic wingmen must beable to account for and adapt to their partners’ intent with little or no communication. To enable such abilities, it becomescrucial to identify the requirements that makes intent explainable to synthetic wingmen, necessitating approaches to describeand analyse intent from a human-centric perspective. To address this issue, this paper reports on findings from using WorkDomain Analysis to design and analyse models of situated intent with six levels of cognitive control (frames, effects, values,generic, implementations, and physical). Through a literature review and seven subject matter expert interviews, a synthesizedmodel was designed to represent fighter pilots’ intent in a manned–unmanned teaming scenario. Using the synthesized modelas the context, a transfer of control and a link loss situation were further described and analysed. Experiences show that WorkDomain Analysis can provide a practical and applicable means to model situated intent, particularly since designed modelscan be re-utilised to model intent in similar situations. Furthermore, the model analyses show the importance of accountingfor fighter pilots’ adopted frames since small variations of the framing of the situations can propagate throughout the modelresulting in conflicting or inconsistent intent. The paper concludes that synthetic wingmen must be able to reason about all six levels of cognitive control, requiring a more holistic approach to make intent explainable.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
