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- Camner, P, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and calculated parameters on particle phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 92:6, s. 2608-2616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phagocytosis of three types of fluorescein-labeled test particles by rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were studied: spherical silica (3.2 μm), heat-killed Candida albicans (3.8 μm), and heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans (6.1 μm) opsonized with specific IgG. These particles should attach to scavenger, mannose, and Fc receptors, respectively. Both control AM and AM pretreated for 20 h with interferon-γ (12.5 or 50 U/ml) were studied. The sum of the number of attached and ingested particles per AM (accumulated attachment) was used as a measure of the attachment process, and the number of ingested particles per AM divided by the accumulated attachment (ingested fraction) was used as a measure of the ingestion process. The average ingestion time (IT), which is also a measure of the ingestion process, was calculated from the experimental data. The ingestion process was independent of the attachment process. IT increased with the time of observation. This is explained by the fact that IT determined from observation times shorter than the whole distribution of IT for a certain particle results in a shorter IT than the real average IT. C. albicans (mannose receptor) had the fastest ingestion process, C. neoformans opsonized with specific IgG (Fc receptor) had ingestion that was nearly as fast, and the silica particles (scavenger receptors) had the slowest ingestion process. Treatment with interferon-γ markedly impaired the attachment process for all three types of particles (and three types of receptors) but clearly impaired the ingestion process only for silica particles (scavenger receptors).
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- Veninga, CCM, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections: exploring differences in adherence to guidelines between three European countries. Drug Education Project Group
- 2000
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Ingår i: The Annals of pharmacotherapy. - : SAGE Publications. - 1060-0280 .- 1542-6270. ; 34:1, s. 19-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate adherence of general practitioners to treatment guidelines regarding urinary tract infections in three European countries and to investigate whether differences in adherence at the prescribing level within and between countries could be explained by general practitioners' knowledge and attitudes, characteristics, or national setting. DESIGN: Prescribing data collected in 1994–1995 were analyzed regarding use of first-choice drugs and duration of treatment, knowledge and attitudes were assessed with a questionnaire, and multiple regression analysis was used to explain differences in prescribing behavior within and between countries. RESULTS: Our study is based on data from 85.6% of the 584 general practitioners who were scheduled to participate in a continuing education program. The mean proportion of responses in agreement with the guidelines regarding first-choice drugs was 0.69 in Sweden, 0.78 in the Netherlands, and 0.79 in Norway; regarding duration of treatment, the mean proportion was 0.56 in Sweden, 0.67 in the Netherlands, and 0.59 in Norway. The proportion of first-choice drugs prescribed for women (18–75 y) was 0.55 in Sweden, 0.83 in the Netherlands, and 1.00 in Norway (patients >16 y). The duration of treatment was 7.6 defined daily doses per prescription in Sweden, 5.9 in the Netherlands, and 6.6 in Norway. Knowledge and attitudes explained 0–17% of the variation in prescribing. Years in practice explained 0–11%, and the general practitioners' gender had no explanatory value. The national setting explained most of the variation between countries. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in prescribing behavior can be explained only to a small extent by deviations from the guidelines in terms of knowledge and attitudes. Between countries, differences in regulation, marketing, and distribution of drugs seem to be of much greater importance.
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- von der Lieth, Claus-Wilhelm, et al.
(författare)
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EUROCarbDB : an open-access platform for glycoinformatics
- 2011
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Ingår i: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 21:4, s. 493-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EUROCarbDB project is a design study for a technical framework, which provides sophisticated, freely accessible, open-source informatics tools and databases to support glycobiology and glycomic research. EUROCarbDB is a relational database containing glycan structures, their biological context and, when available, primary and interpreted analytical data from high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Database content can be accessed via a web-based user interface. The database is complemented by a suite of glycoinformatics tools, specifically designed to assist the elucidation and submission of glycan structure and experimental data when used in conjunction with contemporary carbohydrate research workflows. All software tools and source code are licensed under the terms of the Lesser General Public License, and publicly contributed structures and data are freely accessible. The public test version of the web interface to the EUROCarbDB can be found at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/eurocarb.
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- Wahlstrom, R., et al.
(författare)
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Variations in general practitioners' views of asthma management in four European countries
- 2001
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 53:4, s. 507-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to identify differences and similarities in views regarding asthma management among general practitioners in four European countries (Germany, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden), and to explore reasons for sub-optimal performance. The results are to be used for the development and tailoring of educational interventions. Semi-structured interviews with 20GPs in each country were conducted and analysed using a phenomenographic approach. The domains of (i) general view of asthma, (ii) the doctor-patient relationship in managing asthma, and (iii) overall management of asthma (treatment goals and evaluation of results) were approached during the interviews. There were different ways of experiencing phenomena related to asthma management both within and between the four countries. Three general views on asthma were found where different perspectives were emphasised: a medical, a 'global' (including community health, social and environmental aspects) and a patient's perspective. Within the medical perspective, only a few German doctors emphasised a psychological aetiology of asthma. The views on the doctor-patient relationship described as 'authoritarian', 'teaching' or 'empowering' occurred similarly in all countries. The majority of the doctors showed confidence in the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical treatment of asthma, some doctors were concerned about limitations, but only in Germany a few doctors were explicitly critical of the values of conventional pharmaceutical treatment. The main treatment goals were either conceived as getting the patient symptom-free (Netherlands, Norway, and Germany) or to control the inflammatory process (Sweden). Several German and some Norwegian doctors expressed the view that patients had to accept the disease and learn how to manage it, while a few German doctors aimed at alternative treatments of asthma. The existence of qualitatively different ways of experiencing asthma management, both in and between countries, calls for consideration when trying to implement general evidence-based treatment guidelines. A variation of approaches in continuing medical education for GPs is needed to address such existing beliefs and conceptions that could sometimes be opposed to the content of educational messages. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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