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- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Movers and Stayers: A Study of Emigration from Sweden 1993–2014
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 38, s. 1033-1064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A standard proposition in the migration literature is that emigrants are not drawn randomly from their source population, but rather compose a self-selected group in terms of labour market characteristics. Such self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, or occupation, as well as unobserved characteristics such as cognitive abilities. However, due to data limitations, most previous studies on selectivity have analysed immigrants’ characteristics at destinations rather than using data from their source countries. This paper assesses emigrants’ selectivity patterns by following the full-risk population of natives over a long period of time (over 20years). It also includes an innovative measure of selectivity on unobserved characteristics—namely, school performance—as a proxy for individual motivation and cognitive abilities, and it compares it to the widely used measure of income residuals. We use Swedish register data and assess the probabilities of leaving Sweden between 1993 and 2014 among men and women born in Sweden between 1975 and 1978. We further look for differences among Swedish emigrants who chose different countries of destination. The findings suggest that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics using compulsory school grades as a proxy, emigrants are found to be positively self-selected, while when using income residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. Individuals leaving to non-Nordic countries are also found to be more positively self-selected than those heading to neighbouring countries. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
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- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Selectivity and internal migration: A study of refugees’ dispersal policy in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: 18th Nordic Migration Conference – “Migration and social inequality: Global perspectives – new boundaries”. 11-12 August 2016 Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the intensified waves of refugees to Europe, dispersal policies of newly arrived immigrants are proposed for speeding up their integration in the hosting societies and for distributing the financial burden associated with it across the EU countries. However, the economic theory of migration suggests that economic immigrants are self-selected to destinations based on their abilities. Highly skilled people tend to migrate to labor markets with a broader opportunities structure, while less capable individuals choose markets that are more sheltered. Therefore, if refugees also show some patterns of selectivity when making their destination choice, the effectiveness of such policy depends on the extent to which refugees tend to stay in their initial location and their degree of selectivity. We used a quasi-experiment to examine whether the economic theory of migration applies not only to economic immigrants, but to refugees as well. We focus on refugee cohorts who came to Sweden during a period when a "Whole-Sweden" policy was applied. This policy was designed to reduce the concentration of refugees in mainly large cities by randomly deploying asylum seekers in almost all municipalities within Sweden. A few years after their initial assigned location, those refugees were given a choice whether to stay in their assigned location, or to move to another place within Sweden. This allows us to examine refugees’ self-selection patterns within Sweden and their effect on their subsequent economic assimilation. We use individual register data from Statistics Sweden to study refugees who arrived in Sweden during 1990-1993 and we follow them during a 6-year period from the time they received residency. We use discreet time survival analysis in order to assess the effect of abilities on destination choice of refugees, and lagged dependent models to assess their wage and income growth. The results suggest that refugees affected by that policy are more likely to move within Sweden relative to immigrants that were not affected by it. Furthermore, refugees’ education levels are found to be related to major differences in their destination choices. Highly skilled refugees are more likely to migrate to labor markets with wide structured opportunities and with high levels of inequality relative to less skilled ones. However, it seems that destination choices have implications on disposable income but not on wages. These findings may indicate that the choice of internal migration is mainly influenced by welfare maximization rather than wage maximization.
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