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| 2. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Non‑technical communication factors at the Vessel Traffic Services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition, Technology and Work. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-5558 .- 1435-5566. ; 20:1, s. 63-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study done at the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) explored how the VTS operators (VTSOs) communicated with ships and other actors in the maritime sociotechnical system and how decisions were made with regard to assisting traffic in maintaining safe passage in port areas, where most vessel movements are seen and accidents occur. The fieldwork was done during four independent visits to a VTS centre under the Swedish Maritime Authority, with a total sample of six VTSOs and one VTS instructor. The qualitative data were sorted and coded using a grounded theory approach. The data pointed at non-technical information processing and communication factors that play a role in decision-making and ultimately in safety. During protocol operations at the VTS, these factors influenced how VTSOs judged the skills of the vessels’ bridge teams, and how they approached them. This is a time where much effort is being put into upgrading technological systems, and these will have the power to change the ways in which the maritime network obtains and processes information, as well as how they can communicate with each other. The further development of technological systems, work protocols and training programmes can benefit from taking the soft aspects of communication and the needs of the operators and their tasks into account for the enhancement of safety.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Karin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-study on sustainability indices for shipping
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Demands on reporting and communication of the sustainability performance within a company as well as externally and how the demands on continuous improvement are fulfilled, has led to a development and also standardisation of sustainability indicators and indices. In shipping, like in all sectors, numerous indices or reporting systems have been developed and are used for various purposes. The aim has often been for communication with cargo owners and passengers, but also to be used as a basis for economic incentives intended to decrease emissions in ports and fairways. With increased demands on aspects included, it is obvious that a future sustainability index for shipping needs to include social and economic aspects in addition to natural environment and resource use. The present report is a pre-study with a review on existing indices in the shipping sector, and an outlook to other areas, followed by a discussion on possible development paths of more comprehensive sustainability indices. The conclusions are: The available environmental indices for shipping are many and there are initiatives, like CSI, that cover many relevant aspects. However, the indices are not very developed what concerns working conditions or socioeconomic costs. Also, economic parameters describing the ship-owner as a company are not included. The scrapping process foreseen for a ship can be further developed and included in indices. For further development, the following is suggested: • Develop indicators that can be used for describing work environment with the goal of introduction into an index. • The development of socioeconomic cost assessments, for example in terms of ecosystem services, is interesting and could be included in indices in the future. It is recommended that this development is followed for future use. • At the moment, there is not an easy way to include the economic dimension in terms of economic stability of the company in an index, but this should be further investigated. • The possible use of MRV (Monitoring, Reporting, Verification) in indices should be evaluated.
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| 4. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of low-level automation navigation functions upon vessel traffic services work practices
- 2020
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 19:3, s. 313-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation Project is a European-based initiative with ambitions to improve maritime safety and efficiency through information sharing in real time. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the “STM services,” which can be categorized as low-level automated functions designed to improve information exchange between ship and shore. Full-scale simulated scenarios were developed and tested on 16 professional vessel traffic service (VTS) operators comparing VTS operations as they are today with the added STM functionality. Data collection involved observations which assessed the frequency and type of interactions between ships and VTS, followed by questionnaires to provide an overall assessment of the user experience. The results indicate that the frequency and method of communication patterns between VTS operators and ships will be affected by the integration of the STM services. Additional access to navigational information could change the role of VTS operators in traffic situations compared with traditional operations. This paper discusses the findings from a socio-technical systems perspective while also addressing the individual STM services and their potential impact on VTS operations. This research provides valuable information for European VTS centers that could be affected by the implementation of e-Navigation and, specifically, the STM services.
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| 5. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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"Are You Planning to Follow Your Route?" The Effect of Route Exchange on Decision Making, Trust, and Safety
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. - : MDPI AG. - 2077-1312. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation project is a European based initiative which focuses on connecting and updating the maritime world in real time, with efficient information exchange. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two functions developed during the project: a ship to ship route exchange (S2SREX) function and rendezvous (RDV) information layer, collectively referred to as S2SREX/RDV. S2SREX displays the route segment consisting of the next seven waypoints of the monitored route of a collaborating ship and the RDV layer that predicts a meeting point. S2SREX/RDV provides supplementary information to data acquired by existing navigation systems and is intended to improve situational awareness and safety through a more comprehensive understanding of the surrounding traffic. Chalmers University of Technology and Solent University completed an experiment using twenty-four experienced navigators in bridge simulators. Six traffic scenarios were developed by subject matter experts and tested with and without S2SREX/RDV functionalities. Qualitative data were collected using post-test questionnaires and group debriefs to evaluate the participants' perceptions of S2SREX/RDV in the various traffic scenarios, and quantitative data were collected to assess the ship distances and behavior in relation to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). The results revealed that participants generally trusted the S2SREX/RDV information, and most used S2SREX/RDV for decision support. The quantitative assessment revealed that the COLREGs were breached more often when S2SREX/RDV was used. Experimental findings are discussed in relation to safety, trust, reliance, situational awareness, and human-automation interaction constructs.
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| 6. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Navigators’ views of a collision avoidance decision support system for maritime navigation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Navigation. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0373-4633 .- 1469-7785. ; 75:5, s. 1035-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime navigation is a complex task involving the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of information using seamanship, professional knowledge, and technology. As the maritime industry transitions towards maritimeautonomous surface ships (MASS), there is an increasing gap between the operator and the technology. This paper explores a collision avoidance decision support system for navigation from the navigator’s perspective. The system, developed by Wärtsilä, is called Advanced Intelligent Manoeuvring (AIM) and can generate suggestions for course or speed alterations based on data from surrounding traffic. Nineteen Swedish navigators completed three ship traffic scenarios with and without decision support. Qualitative data were collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The results show that the participants perceive the decision support system as an advisory tool to visualise how traffic situations could unfold, a task currently difficult for most navigators. This paper discusses the present and near future of maritime navigation, highlighting the benefits of automation, whileremaining vigilant about the potential dangers.
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| 7. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Preventing Unruly Technologies in Maritime Navigation: A Systems Approach
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 1212 AISC, s. 421-428
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, and automation have the potential to transform the maritime industry. While change is inevitable, automated solutions do not guarantee navigational safety, efficiency or improved seaway traffic management. This paper describes lessons learned throughout the Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation project. The STM project tested low-level automation functions intended to enhance navigational safety and efficiency. The results indicate that although the additional information was useful, there may be a disruption in current working practices, and potential gaps in the existing regulatory framework, and training and skill development of future mariners. The aim of this paper is to argue for a systems approach to better understand and prevent technologies from becoming “unruly” in the maritime context. This approach will consider how the technologies impact various system elements to support a more safe and sustainable shipping industry.
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| 8. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Using operational scenarios in a virtual reality enhanced design process
- 2021
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Ingår i: Education Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-7102. ; 11:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime user interfaces for ships’ bridges are highly dependent on the context in which they are used, and rich maritime context is difficult to recreate in the early stages of user-centered design processes. Operations in Arctic waters where crews are faced with extreme environmental conditions, technology limitations and a lack of accurate navigational information further increase this challenge. There is a lack of research supporting the user-centered design of workplaces for hazardous Arctic operations. To meet this challenge, this paper reports on the process of developing virtual reality-reconstructed operational scenarios to connect stakeholders, end-users, designers, and human factors specialists in a joint process. This paper explores how virtual reality-reconstructed operational scenarios can be used as a tool both for concept development and user testing. Three operational scenarios were developed, implemented in a full mission bridge simulator, recreated in virtual reality (VR), and finally tested on navigators (end-users). Qualitative data were captured throughout the design process and user-testing, resulting in a thematic analysis that identified common themes reflecting the experiences gained throughout this process. In conclusion, we argue that operational scenarios, rendered in immersive media such as VR, may be an important and reusable asset when supporting maritime design processes and in maritime training and education.
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| 9. |
- Aylward, K., et al.
(författare)
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The implementation of e-Navigation services: Are we ready?
- 2018
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Ingår i: RINA, Royal Institution of Naval Architects - Human Factors 2018, Papers.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced technologies and services are being developed to improve safety and efficiency of navigation at sea. The Sea Traffic Management (STM) EU Project is one of the largest e-Navigation projects examining the digitalization of the shipping sector. The newly developed "STM Services" allow ships to share their monitored route with other ships, planned and/or monitored routes with shore centers and receive suggested routes from shore centers. These tools also allow ships to receive navigational warnings, ETA updates, and chat messages from shore center services. The European Maritime Simulator Network (EMSN), consisting of twelve ship handling simulators based in seven EU countries, examines the potential impact of these services through full scale simulations with scenarios involving up to 30 ships, complimenting the feasibility and understanding of implementing the STM services in live test beds. Two weeks of full scale EMSN simulations with seafarers were completed comparing navigation as it is today with navigation using STM Services. Structured debriefing sessions were completed at the end of every day, to obtain feedback on the STM Services. The feedback from participant debriefs was analyzed in relation to safety, efficiency, and usability of the STM Services. The results indicate that the seafarers are positive about the idea of e-Navigation services, and believe that these services could provide additional time to plan, act, and respond to a navigational challenge. However, there were concerns related to their implementation, and the potential negative affect of digitization of current navigational processes which may lead to an increased risk for incidents related to situation awareness, mis-communication, and human error.
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| 10. |
- Bellone, Mauro, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Electrification and Automation in Maritime Applications: Employing AI Techniques for Energy Optimization and Efficiency
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Electrification Magazine. - 2325-5889 .- 2325-5897. ; 7:4, s. 22-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The region of Västra Götaland is an area in Western Sweden that has nearly 1.6 million inhabitants. In recent years, the number of trips made by the public transportation system has increased considerably, and everything indicates that it will continue to rise substantially in the coming years. Today, the region faces challenges in managing this expected increase in demand. A description of how public transportation is developing in Västra Götaland is given in the Transport Provision Program; it estimates that the number of journeys made by public transportation will double, a goal that is sought at both the national and local levels. The number of public transportation journeys made in the country would then be roughly 400 million by 2025. In response to this, capacity is expected to increase by 70% and the travel time is projected to decrease by 20-25%. Along with these developments, efforts are being made to transition to a more environmentally friendly means of transportation through the use of alternative fuels, electrification, and an increased level of automated systems (with the additional objective of reducing the number of accidents).
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