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- Lundqvist, Gunnar, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns of tobacco use : a 10-year follow-up study of smoking and snus habits in a middle-aged Swedish population
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 37:2, s. 161-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To study longitudinal patterns of tobacco use over a 10-year period among middle-aged men and women in Västerbotten County, Northern Sweden.Methods: The study is based on data from the 16,486 (8800 women and 7686 men) in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) where people were invited to a health screening and counselling programme at 30, 40, 50 and 60 years of age.Results: Smoking decreased from 22.3% to 15.6% among women and from 18.5% to 12.7% among men. Use of snus (Swedish moist snuff) increased from 3.1% to 6.0% among women and from 24.6% to 26.3% among men. The number of people who used both snus and cigarettes was stable: 0.5% to 0.8% from baseline to follow-up for women, and 4.1% to 3.3% for men. The number of tobacco-free adults increased from 75.2% to 79.2% for women and from 61.1% to 64.3% for men. Of those who became smoke-free during the 10-year follow-up period, 80% of the women and 66% of the men quit smoking without transitioning to snus use.Conclusions: The majority of middle-aged Swedish men and women in this cohort that quit smoking did so without becoming snus dependent. In spite of an increasing use of snus, overall there was a decline in the number of people using tobacco products.
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- Lundqvist, Gunnar, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Smokers in Västerbotten County, Sweden. What contributes to increased cardiovascular risk among heavy smokers?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 21:4, s. 237-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To analyse risk factor levels and risk factor patterns among heavy smokers compared to never smokers. DESIGN: An incident case-referent study. SETTING: The study was nested within the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP). SUBJECTS: 286 people (62 women and 224 men) claimed to be heavy smokers, i.e. smoked 25 cigarettes or more per day. For each of them, two referents (who reported never to have been smokers) were matched on age and gender (572 referents). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in biomedical variables and social and lifestyle factors were confirmed. RESULTS: S-cholesterol, s-triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, body weight and body mass index were all significantly elevated among the heavy smokers. Some gender differences were also found. Social and lifestyle factors differed significantly between heavy smokers and never smokers, but without gender differences. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy smokers carry a risk factor pattern corresponding to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Unfavourable changes in serum lipids and in glucose metabolism can exacerbate other deleterious effects of tobacco smoke on the cardiovascular system. Obviously, heavy smokers and never smokers differ not only in regard to biomedical variables but also to lifestyle and social health determinants. These are important factors to consider in public health efforts aimed at reducing the increased risk for cardiovascular diseases among smokers.
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- Lundqvist, Gunnar, 1945-
(författare)
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Tobaksvanor i medelåldern : riskfaktormönster, rökstoppsattityder och erfarenheter av att sluta röka
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tobacco use, mostly smoking, has been a deeply rooted habit for many people for centuries. However, it was not until the second half of last century that the risks with smoking became obvious. Today when the bad consequences of smoking are recognized by almost all people, it is important to discuss why smokers choose to continue smoking. The main aim of this thesis is to try to better explain why some middle aged smokers choose to continue smoking in spite of knowledge of the huge mass of information that is gathered about the serious side effects of smoking. Many of these people cannot by any means stop smoking while others succeed in their attempt to quit. Since 1990 all inhabitants in Västerbotten County are invited to a health survey the year they become 40, 50 and 60 years: the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP). The VIP health survey consists of risk markers for cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure, blood sugar and blood lipids), a questionnaire on socioeconomic, psychosocial and life style factors, supplemented by a health counselling discussion with a district nurse. The thesis is based on five papers. Four of them use VIP data. In Paper I tobacco habits are related to different levels of age, gender and education and are analyzed in a 18 year perspective, based on 112 920 VIP participants. As it has been suggested that women might have more difficulties than men to stop smoking, Paper II elucidates women’s perceptions about smoking, based on interviews with nine smoking and ex-smoking women. Paper III identify metabolic consequences of heavy smoking and relate these to social and life style factors that might accompany smoking behaviour. Paper IV analyzes the individual pattern of changes in tobacco use over a ten year period among 16 492 subjects, while Paper V, a questionnaire study, addresses 513 respondents own assessments of what was especially important for them in their attempts to become smoke-free and what was positive and what was negative when they stopped to smoke. Their knowledge and attitudes about smoking issues were also analyzed. The thesis shows that heavy smokers seem to have a metabolic profile heading towards the metabolic syndrome, and that this pattern could be reinforced by some social and life style factors. Smoking women expressed their concern over weight gain, if quitting. They provided a series of different hinders and barriers against smoking cessation as well as some explanations of why it was reasonable to continue smoking. Feeling of shame and fatalism played a major role but also influence from friends, relatives and media was regarded as important factors. For both men and women the decision to quit smoking was supported from relatives and from a wish for a healthier lifestyle. Support from the health care providers was perceived to be rare. Snus use and nicotine replacement therapy in the attempts to stop smoking were also discussed. In summary the thesis stresses that the use of tobacco products in Västerbotten is slowly decreasing in the middle aged population in general. For people with shorter school education and at somewhat younger age the dual use of tobacco products, cigarettes and snus, are slowly increasing. However, after ten years, half of the smokers in these age cohorts still smoke. It is possible that the more addicted smokers remain, why a major challenge is to find new ways to support these individuals. Health care providers have to do more, but also schools, media, societal organizations and governmental bodies on local, regional and national levels. One proposal is to look upon nicotine dependence, especially smoking, as a chronic condition that needs various multifactorial treatment and long time follow up, and that it is important to organize the support accordingly. Special antitobacco or life style centres outside the established health care organization where focus could be on different healthy life style matters is suggested. The thesis also suggest different ways to handle smoking cessation at the primary health care level.
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- Zetterström, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Processing incomplete questionnaire data into continuous digital biomarkers for addiction monitoring
- 2022
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: eHealth systems allow efficient daily smartphone-based collection of self-reported data on mood, wellbeing, routines, and motivation; however, missing data is frequent. Within addictive disorders, missing data may reflect lack of motivation to stay sober. We hypothesize that qualitative questionnaire data contains valuable information, which after proper handling of missing data becomes more useful for practitioners.Methods: Anonymized data from daily questionnaires containing 11 questions was collected with an eHealth system for 751 patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Two digital continuous biomarkers were composed from 9 wellbeing questions (WeBe-i) and from two questions representing motivation/self-confidence to remain sober (MotSC-i). To investigate possible loss of information in the process of composing the digital biomarkers, performance of neural networks to predict exacerbation events (relapse) in alcohol use disorder was compared.Results: Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks predicted a coming exacerbation event 1-3 days (AUC 0.68-0.70) and 5-7 days (AUC 0.65-0.68) in advance on unseen patients. The predictive capability of digital biomarkers and raw questionnaire data was equal, indicating no loss of information. The transformation into digital biomarkers enable a continuous graphical display of each patient's clinical course and a combined interpretation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of recovery on a time scale.Conclusion: By transforming questionnaire data with large proportion of missing data into continuous digital biomarkers, the information captured by questionnaires can be more easily used in clinical practice. Information, assessed by the capability to predict exacerbation events of AUD, is preserved when processing raw questionnaire data into digital biomarkers.
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