| 1. |
- Holmqvist, Gärd, et al.
(författare)
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A Structured Observation Framework for Evaluating Clients’ Inner Change During and After Art Therapy
- 2024
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Ingår i: Art Therapy. - 0742-1656. ; 41:2, s. 56-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to provide clinical utility for research of how art therapists perceive clients’ inner change, the authors created a structured observational framework. This note-taking and assessment consist of five themes and sub-themes: Therapeutic Alliance, Creating, Affect-Awareness, Self-Awareness, and Ego-Strength. The framework was designed to be clinically-friendly, adaptable to various settings, and assist communication with both patients and relevant healthcare professionals.
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| 2. |
- Holmqvist, Gärd, 1950-
(författare)
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Bildterapi – en väg till inre förändring och förbättrad hälsa
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka bildterapins möjlighet att bidra till inre förändring och förbättrad hälsa hos individen. Med inre förändring avses en strukturell och varaktig förändring som sker på ett psykologiskt djupare plan, till skillnad mot en yttre och mer tillfällig förändring. Den bildterapeutiska behandlingen bygger på en kombination av bildskapande och olika grad av reflekterande, bearbetande samtal. En triangulär relation, patient – bild – terapeut, är det som på ett avgörande sätt skiljer bildterapi från andra verbala behandlingsmetoder.Avhandlingens design var främst kvalitativ, med undantag för delstudie I som var en review. I delstudie I granskades studier om bildterapi för tre olika patientgrupper. En kvalitetsbedömning genomfördes med två olika system för evidens. I delstudie II djupintervjuades kvinnor om upplevelser av inre förändring och om den visat sig i utvalda målade bilder. Intervjuerna analyserades med deduktiv och induktiv innehållsanalys. I delstudie III ställdes via e-post två öppna enkätfrågor till bildterapeuter om vad de uppfattade som en inre förändring hos patienten. Data analyserades med tematisk analys. I delstudie IV genomfördes en sekundäranalys av intervjuerna från delstudie II. Utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv undersöktes förekomst av vitalitetsaffekter och grundaffekter samt deras betydelse för inre förändring. En deduktiv innehållsanalys genomfördes.I avhandlingen beskrivs inre förändring och förbättrad hälsa ur tre olika perspektiv; en grupp kvinnliga patienters upplevelser, en grupp bildterapeuters uppfattningar samt ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att bildterapi kan bidra till en varaktig inre förändring som innebär identitetsförändring, förändrat beteende och förbättrad hälsa. Kvinnor som inte upplevt en inre förändring fann att bildterapin var ett stöd i vardagen. Existentiella frågor om meningen med livet var centrala både i kvinnornas och i bildterapeuternas utsagor. Resultatet visar att den terapeutiska alliansen och förmågan att utveckla en reflektiv distans till bilden är avgörande för om en individuell inre förändring är möjlig. Vidare är det viktigt med ett utforskande förhållningssätt och samtal om bildens betydelse för att en inre förändring skall kunna ske. En bildterapeutisk förändringsprocess innehåller vitalitetsaffekter och grundaffekter. Den leder till ökad insikt och medvetenhet om känslor. Den förbättrar självbilden, ökar autenticitet och autonomi, samt ger vidgade perspektiv.Avhandlingen bidrar till ökad kunskap om inre förändring och förbättrad hälsa genom behandling med bildterapi. Genom att beskriva och visa på att inre förändringar sker, beskriva vad i terapin som upplevs och bedöms som en inre förändring och att bekräfta inre förändring utifrån bakomliggande teorier, kan avhandlingen bidra till att avmystifiera den konstnärsmyt som ofta omger bildterapin och göra den mer förklarbar. Avhandlingen kan bidra till förbättrad kommunikationen mellan bildterapeuter och vårdgivare avseende metodens möjligheter och begränsningar. Vården kan därigenom överväga att använda bildterapi både som ett komplement eller ett alternativ till annan behandling.
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| 3. |
- Holmqvist, Gärd, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Expressions of vitality affects and basic affects during art therapy and their meaning for inner change
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Art Therapy. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 1745-4832 .- 1745-4840. ; 24:1, s. 30-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of vitality affects and basic affects and to shed light on their importance in terms of patients' inner change through art therapy. In an earlier study, where 17 women were interviewed about inner change through art therapy, a secondary deductive content analysis of images and statements was performed exploring the presence of vitality affects and basic affects. Nine of the 17 interviews contained clear descriptions of vitality affects and basic affects in the intersubjective communication between the patient and the therapist, these affects were also mirrored in the patients’ painted images.Three cases are used to illustrate the result and how affects were related to inner change. These three cases differ from each other in that they described vitality affects either arising from the art therapist’s empathetic verbal or non-verbal response, from a particular experience in nature, or from the interpreted symbolic language of the image. The common denominator uniting the three cases was the intersubjective communication with the therapist. This study indicates that image making in art therapy gives rise to vitality affects and basic affects that contributes to inner change. It also indicates the importance of having trust in both the method and the art therapist.
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| 4. |
- Holmqvist, Gärd, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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What art therapists considerto be patient's inner change and how it may appear during art therpy
- 2017
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Ingår i: The arts in psychotherapy. - Kidlington : Elsevier. - 0197-4556 .- 1873-5878. ; 56, s. 45-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to explore what art therapists consider to be patients’ inner change and how it may appear during art therapy. Thirty-eight trained art therapists with experience of using art therapy as a treatment were included in the study. They were asked to describehow they perceived their patients’ inner change and a situation during arttherapy when they observed such change. An inductive thematic analysis resulted in five themes; Therapeutic alliance, describing trust to the therapist and believe to the method, Creating, which concerns the work in the therapeutic process, while Affect consciousness, Self-awareness,and Ego-strengthare part of the therapy outcome. The situations in which an inner change can be observed have been presented by means of quotations and discussed in relation to different theories and art therapy research. The participating art therapists formed a very heterogeneous group, resulting in an unexpected consistency about what they considered to be an inner change in the patient. The study may be seen as a contribution to further discussion about the benefits of a more common language to describe patients’ inner change in art therapy
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| 5. |
- Nyholm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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The validity of obesity based on self-reported weight and height: Implications for population studies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Obesity. - Hoboken : Wiley. ; 15:1, s. 197-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To validate self-reported information on weight and height in an adult population and to find a useful algorithm to assess the prevalence of obesity based on self-reported information. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional survey consisting of 1703 participants (860 men and 843 women, 30 to 75 years old) conducted in the community of Vara, Sweden, from 2001 to 2003. Self-reported weight, height, and corresponding BMI were compared with measured data. Obesity was defined as measured BMI > or = 30 kg/m2. Information on education, self-rated health, smoking habits, and physical activity during leisure time was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean differences between measured and self-reported weight were 1.6 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4; 1.8) in men and 1.8 kg (1.6; 2.0) in women (measured higher), whereas corresponding differences in height were -0.3 cm (-0.5; -0.2) in men and -0.4 cm (-0.5; -0.2) in women (measured lower). Age and body size were important factors for misreporting height, weight, and BMI in both men and women. Obesity (measured) was found in 156 men (19%) and 184 women (25%) and with self-reported data in 114 men (14%) and 153 women (20%). For self-reported data, the sensitivity of obesity was 70% in men and 82% in women, and when adjusted for corrected self-reported data and age, it increased to 81% and 90%, whereas the specificity decreased from 99% in both sexes to 97% in men and 98% in women. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of obesity based on self-reported BMI can be estimated more accurately when using an algorithm adjusted for variables that are predictive for misreporting.
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| 6. |
- Sabel, Karl Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Fatty acid patterns early after premature birth, simultaneously analysed in mothers' food, breast milk and serum phospholipids of mothers and infants.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Lipids in health and disease. - 1476-511X. ; 8:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids via the placenta is interrupted in premature infants, making them exclusively dependent on breast milk, which varies in fatty acid (FA) concentrations depending on the mother's diet. OBJECTIVE: To in a longitudinal study explore the relation between FA status in mothers and infants from an unselected cohort of prematures, not requiring intensive care. DESIGN: Breast milk and mothers' and infants' plasma phospholipid FA concentrations from birth to 44 weeks of gestational age were analysed and compared with mothers' food intake, assessed using a 3-day diary. Fatty acids were analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The energy intake was low in 75% of mothers, and 90% had low intake of essential FAs (EFAs). Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2w6), but not w3 FAs, correlated to concentrations in breast milk. Infants' plasma and breast milk correlated for arachidonic (AA, 20:4w6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5w3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6w3) acids. A high concentration of mead acid (20:3w9) in the infants at birth correlated negatively to the concentrations of LA, AA and w3 FAs. Infants of mothers who stopped breastfeeding during the study period showed decreased DHA concentrations and increased w6/w3 ratios, with the opposite FA pattern seen in the mothers' plasma. CONCLUSION: Although dietary w3 FAs were insufficient in an unselected cohort of mothers of premature infants, breastfeeding resulted in increased levels of DHA in the premature infants at the expense of the mothers, suggesting a general need to increase dietary w3 FAs during pregnancy and lactation.
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