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- Bergea, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Education for sustainability as a transformative learning process : a pedagogical experiment in EcoDesign doctoral education
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 14:15-16, s. 1431-1442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents details about a doctoral-level EcoDesign course, as an education for sustainable development experience, in relation to pedagogic theory. The aim was to promote transformative learning in order to facilitate more productive use of environmental knowledge in product and business development. The course included interdisciplinary dialogue founded in real world experiences presented by lecturers from business, government and NGOs, as well as study visits and group work on the drafting of journal papers. The key pedagogical objective was to widen the perspective to embrace more humanly engaging concerns and to enhance the student's overall understanding about relations between sustainable development priorities and product design practices. @ 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Conditions for recycling and recovery of composite materials
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For composite material as a relative new material group no market for recycled material exists. But with increasing use in structures this will hopefully change. Recycling of composites is also more complicated compared to recycling of traditional structural materials as steel and aluminium since they contain a mixture of fibre and polymeric materials. It is therefore important to identify all conditions that will influence the recycling and recovery of composite materials. These conditions can be divided into internal and external factors. Internal factors are knowledge necessary for implementing the technique and to receive a good result in the end. These factors can be identified through a recently completed project with the aim to form guidelines for material recycling and energy recovery of different composite materials. Here also the economy and the environmental effects for the different recycling alternatives were studied. The results pointed out material recycling as the best alternative for almost all included materials. Examples of internal factors necessary for energy recovery are methods for cutting up the waste, material size before incineration, appropriate incineration temperature and heat value. Before deciding for material recycling or energy recovery there are other types of factors that will influence the choice. These external factors, also known as push and pull factors, are discussed in this paper. Examples are amount of waste, laws and regulations, age of product and type of design.
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| 5. |
- Hedlund-Åström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental friendly recycling of FRP-sandwich ship hulls
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fibre composite material and sandwich structures are used more extensively especially for transporting structures, vehicles and vessels. This group of materials is young compared to the traditional metallic structural materials. Thus, experience for end of life treatment is missing for these new materials. Increasing environmental demands from customers and authorities forces the manufacturers to act. In this study a model for assessing possible disposal techniques is demonstrated for a sandwich hull from the Visby Class Corvette. The model is based on waste properties and conditions set by the processes involved in the different disposal techniques. Six different disposal techniques are investigated, from reuse to landfill. For the studied structure they are all possible to carry out. When considering external factors as market only two of them are possible today, energy recovery by waste incineration and landfill. According to the waste hierarchy set by the authorities for minimising environmental effects these methods are not on top of the list. Hopefully industrially techniques for material recycling will exists when this sandwich hull is actual for disposal.
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| 6. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Metal inserts and hazardous content in light weight composite structures in the context of recycling
- 2006
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Ingår i: 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymer composite materials present many favourable properties. The low density results in high specific strength and stiffness, which makes these materials very interesting for applications within the transport field, including vehicles on land, at see and in air. Recently introduced legislation regarding waste treatment has put large demands on composite material producers and users. Although several methods exist they are not yet commercially available since composites is a rather new type of material. The waste treatment is complicated since composite materials consist of several materials, fibre, polymer matrix and additives. A model has therefore been proposed for assessing the different waste disposal techniques. The model focuses on the internal factors, which are defined as factors related directly to the waste and the processes of treatment in form of waste and process properties. In this paper two of these waste properties are identified as strategic for disposal of composite materials. These are the waste properties describing metal and hazardous content, MET and HAZ. To facilitate for future disposal two types of labels are suggested for these waste properties. The issue then is to decide the coordinates for how much information is needed and for whom. What, where and how?
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| 7. |
- Hedlund-Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Model for End of Life Treatment of Polymer Composite Materials
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration. Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers. Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer. In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved. A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future. Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.
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| 8. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Outline of guidelines for recycling and recovery of FRP composites
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fibre composite materials and sandwich constructions are used in many applications for their excellent strength to weight ratio. Their properties are best utilized in transporting structures since the structural weight is reduced and thereby resulting in decreased energy consumption when use of the product. However composite materials are claimed being difficult to recycle and recover since they contain a combination of several material, fibers surrounded by a polymeric thermoset matrix. To investigate the possibilities for material recycling and energy recovery a project with the aim of forming guidelines was performed. Here different recycling and recovery scenarios were economically and environmentally analyzed. The results were formed as guidelines that pointed out material recycling as the best choice for almost all materials included in the study. To implement these results in reality more information about the recycling activity must be known. These former guidelines will therefore be developed. For example it is necessary to inform about proper material size before granulating. It is important to have knowledge about the content of hazardous substance in the material for considering the possibility of material recycling. In this paper an outline for forming of guidelines is presented, were all necessary information needed for successful recycling and recovery is included
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Jan, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Material Hygiene : An EcoDesign Mindset for Optimized Material Use
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 13th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering 2006 volume 2. ; , s. 389-392
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Materials are a strategic resource and the increasing prices for metals call for an optimized materials use.The prices for materials due to demands, growing faster than the production of virgin material, have putrecycling in focus. The mindset “material hygiene” is a pedagogical concept aimed at managingcompromises necessary to optimize materials use in products. Consideration to the entire life cycle of aproduct must be taken in order to avoid sub-optimization. This paper will discuss material hygiene aspectsin terms of disassembly and recycling of domestic appliances, especially dishwashers.
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