| 1. |
- Carelli, Maria Grazia, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Sense of time and executive functioning in children and adults
- 2008
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Ingår i: Child Neuropsychology. - : Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 14:4, s. 372-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of patient studies suggest that impairments in frontal lobe functions are associated with disorders in temporal information processing. One implication of these findings is that subjective experience of time should be related to executive functions regardless of etiology. In two experiments, we examined sense of time in relation to components of executive functioning in healthy children and adults. In Experiment 1, children between 8 to 12 years completed six experimental tasks that tapped three components of executive functioning: inhibition, updating, and mental shifting. Sense of time was examined in a duration judgment task in which participants reproduced stimulus durations between 4 to 32 s. In Experiment 2, adult participants completed the time reproduction task under varying concurrent task demands. Both experiments showed selective effects in that time reproduction errors were related to the inhibition and updating, but not to the shifting, components of executive functioning. However, the observed effects were modulated by task demands and age-related differences in cognitive competence. We conclude that individual differences in executive functioning are only weakly related to time reproduction performance in healthy children and adults.
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| 2. |
- Del Missier, Fabio, et al.
(författare)
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Executive functions in decision making : An individual differences approach
- 2010
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Ingår i: Thinking and Reasoning. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1354-6783 .- 1464-0708. ; 16:2, s. 69-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This individual differences study examined the relationships between three executive functions (updating, shifting, and inhibition), measured as latent variables, and performance on two cognitively demanding subtests of the Adult Decision Making Competence battery: Applying Decision Rules and Consistency in Risk Perception. Structural equation m delling showed that executive functions contribute differentially to performance in these two tasks, with Applying Decision Rules being mainly related to inhibition and Consistency in Risk Perception mainly associated to shifting. The results suggest that the successful application of decision rules requires the capacity to selectively focus attention and inhibit irrelevant (or no more relevant) stimuli. They also suggest that consistency in risk perception depends on the ability to shift between judgement contexts.
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| 3. |
- Del Missier, F, et al.
(författare)
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Memoria, attenzione e decisione
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psicologia del giudizio e della decisione. - Bologna : Socièta editrice il Mulino. - 9788815126009 ; , s. 118-138
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Forman, Helen, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Time keeping and working memory development in early adolescence : A 4-year follow-up
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental child psychology (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0022-0965 .- 1096-0457. ; 108:1, s. 170-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this longitudinal study, we examined time keeping in relation to working memory (WM) development. School-aged children completed two tasks of WM updating and a time monitoring task in which they indicated the passing of time every 5min while watching a film. Children completed these tasks first when they were 8 to 12years old and then 4years later when they were 12 to 16years old. Time keeping in early adolescence showed a different pattern of outcome measures than 4years earlier, with reduced clock checking and increased timing error. However, relative changes in WM development moderated these adverse effects. Adolescents with greater relative gains in WM development were better calibrated than participants with less developing WM functions. We discuss these findings in relation to individual and developmental differences in executive control functions and socioemotionally driven reward seeking.
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| 6. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Memory for scenes : refixations reflect retrieval
- 2007
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Ingår i: Memory & Cognition. - : EBSCO. - 0090-502X .- 1532-5946. ; 35:7, s. 1664-1674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most conceptions of episodic memory hold that reinstatement of encoding operations is essential for retrieval success, but the specific mechanisms of retrieval reinstatement are not well understood. In three experiments, we used saccadic eye movements as a window for examining reinstatement in scene recognition. In Experiment 1, participants viewed complex scenes, while number of study fixations was controlled by using a gaze-contingent paradigm. In Experiment 2, effects of stimulus saliency were minimized by directing participants’ eye movements during study. At test, participants made remember/know judgments for each recognized stimulus scene. Both experiments showed that remember responses were associated with more consistent study-test fixations than false rejections (Experiments 1 and 2) and know responses (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we examined the causal role of gaze consistency on retrieval by manipulating participants’ expectations during recognition. After studying name and scene pairs, each test scene was preceded by the same or different name as during study. Participants made more consistent eye movements following a matching, rather than mismatching, scene name. Taken together, these findings suggest that explicit recollection is a function of perceptual reconstruction and that event memory influences gaze control in this active reconstruction process.
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| 7. |
- Mackinlay, J, et al.
(författare)
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Predictors of time-based prospective memory children
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of experimental child psychology (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0022-0965 .- 1096-0457. ; 102:3, s. 251-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study identified age differences in time-based prospective memory performance in school-aged children and explored possible cognitive correlates of age-related performance. A total of 56 7- to 12-year-olds performed a prospective memory task in which prospective memory accuracy, ongoing task performance, and time monitoring were assessed. Additional tests of time estimation, working memory, task switching, and planning were performed. Results showed a robust relationship between age and prospective memory performance even after controlling for ongoing task performance. Developmental differences in time monitoring were also observed, with older children generally adopting a more strategic monitoring strategy than younger children. The majority of age-related variance in prospective memory task performance could be explained by cognitive resources, in particular planning and task switching. In contrast, no further independent contribution of time estimation was observed. Findings are in line with the development of strategic behavior, as well as executive functioning, in school-aged children.
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| 8. |
- Mäntylä, Timo, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Age differences in multiple outcome measures of time-based prospective memory
- 2009
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Ingår i: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition. - Oxford : Taylor and Francis Group. - 1382-5585 .- 1744-4128. ; 16:6, s. 708-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined time-based prospective memory performance in relation to age, monitoring strategy, response accuracy, and dual-task demands. Young, middle-aged and older adults (the passing of time every 5 min while listening to a short story (low task demands) or completing a series of cognitive tasks (high task demands). Young and older adults showed similar patterns of monitoring behavior, with low rates of clock checking during the early phase of each 5-min interval, followed by linearly accelerating monitoring functions. However, to obtain the same level of prospective memory performance older adults needed more frequent clock checks than young adults. Furthermore, older adults’ compensatory monitoring strategy was associated with an additional cost in primary task performance. Finally, increased primary task demands shifted age differences in prospective memory from monitoring frequency to response accuracy. These findings suggest that goal-directed behavior requires efficient task coordination and resource llocation, and that age-related differences in time-based prospective memory should be evaluated by using multiple outcome measures.
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| 9. |
- Mäntylä, Timo, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Changing scenes : Memory for naturalistic events following change blindness
- 2004
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Ingår i: Memory. - : Informa plc.. - 0965-8211 .- 1464-0686. ; 12:6, s. 696-706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on scene perception indicates that viewers often fail to detect large changes to scene regions when these changes occur during a visual disruption such as a saccade or a movie cut. In two experiments, we examined whether this relative inability to detect changes would produce systematic biases in event memory. In Experiment 1, participants decided whether two successively presented images were the same or different, followed by a memory task, in which they recalled the content of the viewed scene. In Experiment 2, participants viewed a short video, in which an actor carried out a series of daily activities, and central scenes' attributes were changed during a movie cut. A high degree of change blindness was observed in both experiments, and these effects were related to scene complexity (Experiment 1) and level of retrieval support (Experiment 2). Most important, participants reported the changed, rather than the initial, event attributes following a failure in change detection. These findings suggest that attentional limitations during encoding contribute to biases in episodic memory.
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| 10. |
- Mäntylä, Timo, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Components of executive functioning in metamemory
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied neuropsychology. - : Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group. - 0908-4282 .- 1532-4826. ; 17:4, s. 289-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined metamemory in relation to three basic executive functions (set shifting, working memory updating, and response inhibition) measured as latent variables. Young adults (Experiment 1) and middle-aged adults (Experiment 2) completed a set of executive functioning tasks and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). In Experiment 1, source recall and face recognition tasks were included as indicators of objective memory performance. In both experiments, analyses of the executive functioning data yielded a two-factor solution, with the updating and inhibition tasks constituting a common factor and the shifting tasks a separate factor. Self-reported memory problems showed low predictive validity, but subjective and objective memory performance were related to different components of executive functioning. In both experiments, set shifting, but not updating and inhibition, was related to PRMQ, whereas source recall showed the opposite pattern of correlations in Experiment 1. These findings suggest that metamemorial judgments reflect selective effects of executive functioning and that individual differences in mental flexibility contribute to self-beliefs of efficacy.
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