| 1. |
- Mårdh, Selina, et al.
(författare)
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Driving restrictions post-stroke : Physicians' compliance with regulations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; , s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Suffering a stroke might lead to permanent cognitive and/or physical impairment. It has been shown that these impairments could have an impact on an individual's fitness to drive. In Sweden, as in many other countries, there are regulations on driving cessation post-stroke. Information on driving cessation should be given to all patients and noted in the journal.The present study sought to determine physician's compliance to driving regulations post-stroke as well as follow-up and gender aspects.Method: A retrospective study of medical records on stroke patients was carried out. The study covered all of the medical records on stroke incidents (n = 342) during a year at a typical medium to large-sized hospital in Sweden.Results: A journal entry on driving cessation post-stroke was missing in 81% of the medical records. Only 2% of the patients were scheduled for a follow-up meeting specifically concerning fitness to drive. Significantly more men than women had an entry on driving in the journal.Conclusions: We conclude that the Swedish regulations on driving cessation post-stroke were not followed at the participating hospital. It is crucial that all stroke patients receive information on driving cessation because their condition might affect fitness to drive. Analysis of follow-up records showed that there was no consistent method for assessment of a patient's fitness to drive. There was also a gender difference in the material, which warrants further investigation.
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| 2. |
- Antonson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Crash Barriers and Driver Behavior : A Simulator Study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 14:8, s. 874-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The study examines how drivers experience a conventional W-beam guardrail (metal crash barrier) along both sides of narrow versus wider roads (single carriageway with 2 lanes) in terms of stress, feelings, and driving patterns and whether subjective experience concurs with the actual driving patterns captured by the quantitative data.Methods: The study used different methods to capture data, including the VTI Driving Simulator III (speed and lateral vehicle position) in conjunction with electrocardiogram (ECG) data on heart rate variability (HRV) and questionnaires (oral during driving and written after driving). Eighteen participants-8 men and 10 women-were recruited for the simulator study and the simulator road section was 10 km long.Results: Driving speeds increased slightly on the wider road and on the road with a crash barrier, and the lateral driving position was nearer to the road center on the narrower road and on the road with a crash barrier. The HRV data did not indicate that participants experienced greater stress due to road width or due to the presence of a crash barrier. Participant experience captured in the oral questionnaires suggested that road width did not affect driver stress or driving patterns; however, the written questionnaire results supported the simulator data, indicating that a wider road led to increased speed. None of the participants felt that crash barriers made them feel calmer.Conclusions: We believe that there is a possibility that the increased speed on roads with crash barriers may be explained by drivers’ sense of increased security. This study demonstrates that an experimental design including experience-based data captured using both a simulator and questionnaires is productive. It also demonstrates that driving simulators can be used to study road features such as crash barriers. It seems more than likely that features such as street lamps, signs, and landscape objects could be tested in this way. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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| 3. |
- Antonson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Landscape heritage objects' effect on driving : a combined driving simulator and questionnaire study.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 62, s. 168-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the literature, landscape (panoramas, heritage objects e.g. landmarks) affects people in various ways. Data are primarily developed by asking people (interviews, photo sessions, focus groups) about their preferences, but to a lesser degree by measuring how the body reacts to such objects. Personal experience while driving a car through a landscape is even more rare.In this paper we study how different types of objects in the landscape affect drivers during their drive. A high-fidelity moving-base driving simulator was used to measure choice of speed and lateral position in combination with stress (heart rate measure) and eye tracking. The data were supplemented with questionnaires. Eighteen test drivers (8 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 37 were recruited. The test drivers were exposed to different new and old types of landscape objects such as 19th century church, wind turbine, 17th century milestone and bus stop, placed at different distances from the road driven.The findings are in some respect contradictory, but it was concluded that that 33% of the test drivers felt stressed during the drive. All test drivers said that they had felt calm at times during the drive but the reason for this was only to a minor degree connected with old and modern objects. The open landscape was experienced as conducive to acceleration. No significant differences could be observed concerning the test drivers' gaze between old or modern objects, but a significant difference was observed between the test drivers' gaze between road stretches with faraway objects and stretches without objects.
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| 4. |
- Hjort, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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A test method for evaluating safety aspects of ESC equipped passenger cars : a prototype proposal
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Active safety systems are becoming increasingly common in today's vehicles. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems were introduced during the end of the 1990s, and accident statistics show that they have had a huge impact on traffic safety. In the USA, a new legislation has recently been adopted which demands on every new light vehicle that is sold to be equipped with ESC, beginning 2011. New systems require new testing methods, and there is a need expressed by the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), which at present time only evaluates the passive safety of cars, also to include tests for active safety systems. In a previous VTI work, a literature review regarding methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) and ESC was performed. Based on the findings of that review, we have proceeded with defining a test method for evaluating safety aspects of ESC equipped passenger cars. The objective has been to suggest a (prototype) test method that can be used for a more holistic evaluation of the safety effect of ESC in cars, including the driver behaviour perspective. From discussions with leading experts on traffic safety and ESC, possible benefits of ESC systems on traffic safety were identified. In addition to increasing the yaw stability of the vehicle, the following ESC benefit effects were identified: - A warning system for slippery roads. ESC activation indication may act as a warning system to the driver about slippery road conditions. - Reduced collision speed. In a critical situation, ESC activation may reduce the collision speed, which will mitigate the outcome of the collision. - Improved vehicle roll stability. The ESC system may also stabilise the vehicle with respect to untripped rollovers. Most rollovers are however tripped rollovers, which can occur when a vehicle, with some lateral slip, strikes an object or slides off the road. These rollovers also benefit from the ESC system as it aids in keeping the vehicle on the road.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Emotion and recollective experience in Alzheimer’s disease
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emotional changes are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, damage to brain regions involved in emotion is abundant in AD. Although these finding imply that emotion memory is severely compromised in AD, absolute or relative sparing of emotional memory has occasionally been reported. Hence, we wanted to clarify how well AD patients can remember emotion words. Eighteen AD patients and fifteen healthy older persons participated in the experiment. Participants studied neutral, positive, and negative words. Implicit and explicit memory was assessed in two tasks: a word-fragment completion task and a recognition task, respectively. In the latter task, participants were asked to provide recollective judgments when they indicated that they recognized a word from previous study. Results indicated that AD patients responded to valence, and in particular negative valence, similar to controls, that AD patients evidenced severe deficits as to recollective experience, and that implicit memory remained intact in AD.
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| 6. |
- Karlsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Emotion and recollective experience in Alzheimer’s disease
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emotional changes are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, damage to brain regions involved in emotion is abundant in AD. Although these finding imply that emotion memory is severely compromised in AD, absolute or relative sparing of emotional memory has occasionally been reported. Hence, we wanted to clarify how well AD patients can remember emotion words. Eighteen AD patients and fifteen healthy older persons participated in the experiment. Participants studied neutral, positive, and negative words. Implicit and explicit memory was assessed in two tasks: a word-fragment completion task and a recognition task, respectively. In the latter task, participants were asked to provide recollective judgments when they indicated that they recognized a word from previous study. Results indicated that AD patients responded to valence, and in particular negative valence, similar to controls, that AD patients evidenced severe deficits as to recollective experience, and that implicit memory remained intact in AD.
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| 7. |
- Levin, Lena, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Older car drivers in Norway and Sweden : studies of accident involvement, visual search behaviour, attention and hazard perception
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I det här projektet identifieras riskfyllda situationer för äldre bilförare och analyseras äldre förares olycksinblandning samt deras visuella beteende i komplexa trafiksituationer. Projektet använder huvudsakligen tre metoder: 1) en grundlig analys av polisrapporterade trafikolyckor i Norge, 2) en litteraturstudie över tidigare forskning om äldre förares beteende (det vill säga kognitiva aspekter på bilkörning) och deras olycksinblandning, och 3) experimentella studier i Norge och Sverige med test av visuellt beteende och perception samt en fältstudie med körning på väg som genomfördes i Sverige. I fältstudien och testerna ingick 100 försökspersoner i Norge och Sverige, varav 53 ”äldre” (65-–81 år) och 47 ”yngre” (27-–55 år). Samtliga försökspersoner var vana bilförare.I projektets resultat framträder signifikant fler individuella skillnader i gruppen äldre bilförare än i gruppen yngre bilförare som ingår i fältstudien och de experimentella studierna i Norge och Sverige. Djupanalysen av allvarliga olyckor i Norge under åren 2005–-2007 visar att trötthet var den troligaste orsaken i åldersgruppen 35-–55 år (28 %) och den näst mest troliga orsaken i den äldre åldersgruppen 75+ (19 %). Sjukdom kunde vara olycksorsaken dubbelt så ofta bland de äldre förarna (28 %) jämfört med den yngre kontrollgruppen (14 %). När det gäller självmord var situationen den omvända: fler självmord förekom bland den yngre förargruppen (11 %) jämfört med den äldre (6 %).Att peka ut äldre personer som problem (riskabla bilförare) och utifrån deras kronologiska ålder kategorisera dem som en homogen grupp, innebär att man på ett olyckligt vis reducerar skillnader mellan individer och grupper av individer som baseras på andra faktorer exempelvis hälsoaspekter, genus, etnisk härkomst, boende och ekonomiska förutsättningar som inverkar på individers resande och deras tillgång till trafiksäkra fordon och säkerhetsutrustning i fordonen. Det finns inget i resultaten i projektet som talar för en begränsning av bilkörning och körkortsinnehav för en viss åldersgrupp äldre personer. Resultaten pekar snarare på ett stort behov av forskning om individuella variationer och mer förfinade forskningsmetoder för att identifiera riskfyllda beteenden i komplexa situationer samt metoder som kan reducera antal förare med trötthet och sjukdom som kan påverka körförmågan (dessa finns i alla åldersgrupper).Man bör vidareutveckla test av förare i komplexa situationer, fördjupa studierna av bilförares perception, deras erfarenheter och egna strategier för att undvika olyckor. Fortsatt forskning föreslås också omfatta utveckling av intelligenta tekniska system som kan vara stödjande för individen (till exempel informationsaccess och rekommendationer för väg och hastighet) plus andra adaptiva system i fordonen som stödjer äldre bilförare. Det finns också behov av studier av hur äldre bilförare prioriterar och använder stödsystemen samt hur stödjande säkerhetssystem kan göras mer tillgängliga för gruppen äldre bilförare.
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| 8. |
- Levin, Lena, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Äldre i transportsystemet : mobilitet, design och träningsproblematik
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Generally, more elderly will be travelling and be out on the roads as active road-users in the future. Research exists on the travelling habits of the elderly; but more in-depth knowledge on the elderly's preferences as license-holders, drivers, road-users and actors in public transport is required. The aim of this report is to give an overview of previous research as well as to indicate a number of directions for future research on the mobility of the elderly as actors within the transport system. The work has a clear multidisciplinary approach, with knowledge from social science, behavioural science and technical research on transport and the elderly. However, the main weight lays on social science and behavioural science issues. The report is divided into eleven chapters: 1) contains a short background, purpose and method questions; 2) discusses the project's scientific and social relevance; 3) provides theoretical background and theoretical concepts; 4) mentions previous research on the elderly as car drivers; 5) is a chapter on license-less vehicles; 6) discusses traffic and road design for the elderly; 7) discusses the elderly as pedestrians and bicycle road-users; 8) is about the elderly in public transport and 9) is about the training of elderly drivers. Chapter 10) consists of a final discussion and chapter 11) summarises point by point the need for research on issues which have come to light in the report
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Linder, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) : a literature review
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In today's vehicles, active safety systems are introduced addressing a large variety of safety issues such as providing optimal stability control, braking effect, preventing spin and rollover, as well as collision avoidance, to mention just a few. In this study a literature review was performed in order to establish how the traffic safety performances of active safety systems with focus on Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) are assessed. The areas covered were statistical evaluation, testing and driver behaviour. The literature review showed that in particular statistical methods, based on odds ratios, had been used in order to evaluate the traffic safety effect. In order to evaluate the effect of ESC in physical testing there are several test methods described in this report. Estimations of driver behaviour effects have been carried out by surveys among vehicle owners. Experiments performed in field or in simulator have also been found in the literature. From EU projects a variety of measures and test methods are available for assessment of driver behavioural effects.
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