| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Hopkins, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of introduction of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria on antibiotic prescribing: analysis of observational and randomised studies in public and private healthcare settings
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Bmj-British Medical Journal. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833 .- 0959-8138. ; 356
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of use of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria on prescribing of antimicrobials, specifically antibiotics, for acute febrile illness in Africa and Asia. Analysis of nine preselected linked and codesigned observational and randomised studies (eight cluster or individually randomised trials and one observational study). Public and private healthcare settings, 2007-13, in Afghanistan, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. Proportions of patients for whom an antibiotic was prescribed in trial groups who had undergone rapid diagnostic testing compared with controls and in patients with negative test results compared with patients with positive results. A secondary aim compared classes of antibiotics prescribed in different settings. Antibiotics were prescribed to 127 052/238 797 (53%) patients in control groups and 167 714/283 683 (59%) patients in intervention groups. Antibiotics were prescribed to 40% (35 505/89 719) of patients with a positive test result for malaria and to 69% (39 400/57 080) of those with a negative result. All but one study showed a trend toward more antibiotic prescribing in groups who underwent rapid diagnostic tests. Random effects meta-analysis of the trials showed that the overall risk of antibiotic prescription was 21% higher (95% confidence interval 7% to 36%) in intervention settings. In most intervention settings, patients with negative test results received more antibiotic prescriptions than patients with positive results for all the most commonly used classes: penicillins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (one exception), tetracyclines, and metronidazole. Introduction of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria to reduce unnecessary use of antimalarials-a beneficial public health outcome-could drive up untargeted use of antibiotics. That 69% of patients were prescribed antibiotics when test results were negative probably represents overprescription. This included antibiotics from several classes, including those like metronidazole that are seldom appropriate for febrile illness, across varied clinical, health system, and epidemiological settings. It is often assumed that better disease specific diagnostics will reduce antimicrobial overuse, but they might simply shift it from one antimicrobial class to another. Current global implementation of malaria testing might increase untargeted antibiotic use and must be examined.
|
|
| 4. |
- Jonkman, Nini H., et al.
(författare)
-
Do self-management interventions work in patients with heart failure? An individual patient data meta-analysis
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Circulation. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 133:12, s. 1189-1198
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: -Self-management interventions are widely implemented in care for patients with heart failure (HF). Trials however show inconsistent results and whether specific patient groups respond differently is unknown. This individual patient data meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of self-management interventions in HF patients and whether subgroups of patients respond differently.METHODS AND RESULTS: -Systematic literature search identified randomized trials of self-management interventions. Data of twenty studies, representing 5624 patients, were included and analyzed using mixed effects models and Cox proportional-hazard models including interaction terms. Self-management interventions reduced risk of time to the combined endpoint HF-related hospitalization or all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.89), time to HF-related hospitalization (HR, 0.80; 95%CI, 0.69-0.92), and improved 12-month HF-related quality of life (standardized mean difference 0.15; 95%CI, 0.00-0.30). Subgroup analysis revealed a protective effect of self-management on number of HF-related hospital days in patients <65 years (mean number of days 0.70 days vs. 5.35 days; interaction p=0.03). Patients without depression did not show an effect of self-management on survival (HR for all-cause mortality, 0.86; 95%CI, 0.69-1.06), while in patients with moderate/severe depression self-management reduced survival (HR, 1.39; 95%CI, 1.06-1.83, interaction p=0.01).CONCLUSIONS: -This study shows that self-management interventions had a beneficial effect on time to HF-related hospitalization or all-cause death, HF-related hospitalization alone, and elicited a small increase in HF-related quality of life. The findings do not endorse limiting self-management interventions to subgroups of HF patients, but increased mortality in depressed patients warrants caution in applying self-management strategies in these patients.
|
|
| 5. |
- Jonkman, Nini H., et al.
(författare)
-
What Are Effective Program Characteristics of Self-Management Interventions in Patients With Heart Failure? : An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cardiac Failure. - : Elsevier BV. - 1071-9164 .- 1532-8414. ; 22:11, s. 861-871
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background To identify those characteristics of self-management interventions in patients with heart failure (HF) that are effective in influencing health-related quality of life, mortality, and hospitalizations.Methods and Results Randomized trials on self-management interventions conducted between January 1985 and June 2013 were identified and individual patient data were requested for meta-analysis. Generalized mixed effects models and Cox proportional hazard models including frailty terms were used to assess the relation between characteristics of interventions and health-related outcomes. Twenty randomized trials (5624 patients) were included. Longer intervention duration reduced mortality risk (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–0.999 per month increase in duration), risk of HF-related hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–0.99), and HF-related hospitalization at 6 months (risk ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–0.995). Although results were not consistent across outcomes, interventions comprising standardized training of interventionists, peer contact, log keeping, or goal-setting skills appeared less effective than interventions without these characteristics.Conclusion No specific program characteristics were consistently associated with better effects of self-management interventions, but longer duration seemed to improve the effect of self-management interventions on several outcomes. Future research using factorial trial designs and process evaluations is needed to understand the working mechanism of specific program characteristics of self-management interventions in HF patients.
|
|
| 6. |
- Blanco, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Performance of timing resistive plate chambers with relativistic neutrons from 300 to 1500 MeV
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-0221. ; 10:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A prototype composed of four resistive plate chamber layers has been exposed to quasi-monoenergetic neutrons produced from a deuteron beam of varying energy (300 to 1500 AMeV) in experiment S406 at GSI, Darmstad, Germany. Each layer, with an active area of about 2000 × 500 mm2, is made of modules containing the active gaps, all in multigap construction. Each gap is defined by 0.3 mm nylon mono-filaments positioned between 2.85 mm thick float glass electrodes. The modules are operated in avalanche mode with a non-flammable gas mixture composed of 90% C2H2F4 and 10% SF6. The signals are readout by a pick-up electrode formed by 15 copper strips (per layer), spaced at a pitch of 30 mm, connected at both sides to timing front end electronics. Measurements of the time of flight jitter of neutrons, in the mentioned energy range, point to a contribution of the resistive plate chamber in the order of 150 ps, independent of the neutron energy.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bruxvoort, K. J., et al.
(författare)
-
The Impact of Introducing Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests on Fever Case Management: A Synthesis of Ten Studies from the ACT Consortium
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Am J Trop Med Hyg. - : American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 0002-9637 .- 1476-1645. ; 97:4, s. 1170-1179
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2010, the World Health Organization has been recommending that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed with parasite-based diagnosis before treatment. These guidelines represent a paradigm shift away from presumptive antimalarial treatment of fever. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are central to implementing this policy, intended to target artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) to patients with confirmed malaria and to improve management of patients with nonmalarial fevers. The ACT Consortium conducted ten linked studies, eight in sub-Saharan Africa and two in Afghanistan, to evaluate the impact of mRDT introduction on case management across settings that vary in malaria endemicity and healthcare provider type. This synthesis includes 562,368 outpatient encounters (study size range 2,400-432,513). mRDTs were associated with significantly lower ACT prescription (range 8-69% versus 20-100%). Prescribing did not always adhere to malaria test results; in several settings, ACTs were prescribed to more than 30% of test-negative patients or to fewer than 80% of test-positive patients. Either an antimalarial or an antibiotic was prescribed for more than 75% of patients across most settings; lower antimalarial prescription for malaria test-negative patients was partly offset by higher antibiotic prescription. Symptomatic management with antipyretics alone was prescribed for fewer than 25% of patients across all scenarios. In community health worker and private retailer settings, mRDTs increased referral of patients to other providers. This synthesis provides an overview of shifts in case management that may be expected with mRDT introduction and highlights areas of focus to improve design and implementation of future case management programs.
|
|
| 8. |
- Denison, H, et al.
(författare)
-
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibition with AZD7687 alters lipid handling and hormone secretion in the gut with intolerable side effects : a randomized clinical trial
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Diabetes, obesity and metabolism. - : Wiley. - 1462-8902 .- 1463-1326. ; 16:4, s. 334-343
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM:Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a potential treatment modality for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, based on preclinical data suggesting it is associated with insulin sensitization and weight loss. This randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study in 62 overweight men explored the effects and tolerability of AZD7687, a reversible and selective DGAT1 inhibitor.METHODS:Multiple doses of AZD7687 (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/day, n = 6 or n = 12 for each) or placebo (n = 20) were administered for 1 week. Postprandial serum triacylglycerol (TAG) was measured for 8 hours after a standardized 45% fat meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) were measured and a paracetamol challenge was performed to assess gastric emptying.RESULTS:Dose-dependent reductions in postprandial serum TAG were demonstrated with AZD7687 doses ≥5 mg compared with placebo (p < 0.01). Significant (p < 0.001) increases in plasma GLP-1 and PYY levels were seen at these doses, but no clear effect on gastric emptying was demonstrated at end of treatment. With AZD7687doses >5 mg/day, gastrointestinal (GI) side effects increased; 11/18 of these participants discontinued treatment owing to diarrhoea.CONCLUSIONS:Altered lipid handling and hormone secretion in the gut were demonstrated during 1-week treatment with the DGAT1 inhibitor AZD7687. However, the apparent lack of therapeutic window owing to GI side effects of AZD7687, particularly diarrhoea, makes the utility of DGAT1 inhibition as a novel treatment for diabetes and obesity questionable.
|
|
| 9. |
- Downs, Robert S. , I I I, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of miniature vortex generators for flow control in Falkner-Skan boundary layers
- 2016
-
Ingår i: 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. - Reston, Virginia : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. - 9781624103933
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vortex generators with heights comparable to displacement thickness are an effective means of producing persistent mean-flow streaks in laminar boundary layers. Inducing streaky base flows can suppress growth of unsteady disturbances which would otherwise incite laminar-to-turbulent transition. Previous experimental and numerical works have demonstrated the versatility of these miniature vortex generators (MVGs) in zero pressure gradient boundary layers. In this work, mean-flow disturbances developing from MVGs in adverse and favorable pressure gradient boundary layers are measured systemically to assess the possibility of extending MVG-based flow control to these scenarios. Boundary-layer streak amplitudes are measured across a range of Falkner-Skan m values and an empirical scaling is found in congruence with existing results. The effect of streaks on transition in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer is also tested and moderate increases to laminar flow extents are observed.
|
|
| 10. |
- Fransson, Jens H. M., 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
An experimental setup for idealised studies on transition to turbulence on a generic compressor outlet guide vane
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo. - : ASME Press. - 9780791850992
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The understanding of flow phenomena in turbomachinery has come far with respect to three-dimensional flow patterns and pressure distributions. Much is due to improved measurements and a continuously evolving fidelity in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Turbulence and transition in boundary layers are two classical areas where improvements in modeling are desired and where experimental validation is required. Apart from this, fundamental improvements in efficiency can be obtained by developing experimental resources where technologies affecting transition can be studied. The reduction in friction drag can be considerable if the transition to turbulence can be delayed. An experimental setup in an idealized configuration has been designed and built with the objective to study transition on a very large-scale guide vane profile at low speed. The purpose of the rig is to enable high quality fundamental studies of technologies to delay transition, but also to see how effects of manufacturing or other constraints may affect the boundary layer. In the present paper we report the first validation of the experimental setup, by comparing the first test results to CFD calculations performed during the rig design, i.e. no post-calculations with experimental data as input to the simulations have been done yet. The pressure distribution is in line with the design intent, which is a good indicator that the tunnel design is suitable for the intended purpose. At last we report some velocity measurements performed in the wake and we calculate the total drag based on the wake velocity deficit for various Reynolds numbers and with and without turbulence tripping tape. We illustrate that a two dimensional tripping around 7% of the chord from the leading edge can increase the total drag by 50% with respect to the reference case without tripping tape.
|
|
