| 1. |
- Kangsepp, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Filter-based treatment of leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:2, s. 236-245
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pilot plant was set up to treat leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods. The treatment plant consisted of aeration and sedimentation steps for pre-treatment, and a filter. The plant was designed to simultaneously remove various types of pollutants. The efficiencies of pre-treatment and of the main treatment step were investigated over a period of 3 years at the landfill site. By continuous aeration of the leachate the concentrations of Fe and Mn were reduced by 55% and 49%, respectively. By prolonged sedimentation suspended solid content was noticeably reduced (72%). in the filter, consisting of a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash as a treatment medium, very high reduction of polar organic compounds, e.g. phenol (74%), o-and p-cresol (91%), and 2,4-dimethylphenol (73%), high average reduction of metals, e.g. Pb (78%), Fe (74%), Cu (73%), Mn (56%), Sn (55%), and Zn (47%), and good average reduction of DOC (26%), Tot-N (23%) and NH4-N (46%) were achieved. Sixty non-polar compounds in the leachate, identified by GC-MS screening, occurred at trace level. Most of them were considerably reduced in the filter.
|
|
| 2. |
- Nammari, Diauddin R., et al.
(författare)
-
Emissions from baled municipal solid waste : I. Methodological approach for investigation of gaseous emissions
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. - 0734-242X ; 25:1, s. 39-48
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a methodological approach for the study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air, emitted during storage of municipal solid waste in bales. Determination of VOCs was based on sampling with adsorbent tubes followed by automated analysis using on-line work-up with a thermal desorption unit directly connected to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Using calculation algorithms and multidimensional statistical analysis of large amounts of data collected, the information was compressed and Visualized. The approach was applied to initial measurements of emissions of VOCs from 24 bales composed of municipal solid waste, each bale stored in a wooden box. These bales were produced using the two types of baling equipment available, resulting in cylindrical or rectangular bales, with different densities. Hundreds of different VOCs emitted from these bales sorted out into groups with different chemical structure. Differences in VOC concentrations in air were found between wastes stored in cylindrical or rectangular bales. For instance, it was found that the concentration of VOCs (relative to the concentration of toluene), in the first experiment after storing, for cylindrical bales with six layers of LDPE was 115 +/- 10 mu g m(-3), while for rectangular bales it was only 64 +/- 8 mu g m(-3). The procedure used for data interpretation suggested different degradation mechanisms in different types of bales. The use of multiple data interfaces, multidimensional statistics and automated chemical analysis methods are likely to be more and more common for waste companies and waste research in the near future. This is due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject that relies heavily on various areas of science and information technology.
|
|
| 3. |
- Zorita, Saioia, et al.
(författare)
-
Hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane extraction for determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentration at ultra trace level in sewage samples
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Separation Science. - : John Wiley & Sons Inc.. - 1615-9306 .- 1615-9314. - 1615-9306 ; 30:15, s. 2513-2521
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a method was developed for determining the concentration of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in sewage water samples. Sample preparation was performed by hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) extraction with final analysis using liquid chromatography with UV detection. Several parameters were studied including type of organic solvent, sample and acceptor pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed determination of the analyte at the ng/L level in sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.991 for both analytes and resulted in limits of detection in sewage water of 11 and 12 ng/L, for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 1700 for both analytes in sewage water. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 8% and 17%, respectively. The developed methodology was used to study daily variations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in municipal sewage streams. Norfluoxetine has been detected for the first time in sewage water and a preliminary analysis gave average concentrations of 150 and 225 ng/L for norfluoxetine and fluoxetine, respectively.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bergström, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
-
Development and application of an analytical protocol for evaluation of treatment processes for landfill leachates : I. Development of an analytical protocol for handling organic compounds in complex leachate samples
- 2007
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - 0306-7319 .- 1029-0397. - 0306-7319 ; 87:1, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A strategy is presented for evaluation of treatment procedures for landfill leachate with emphasis on organic pollutants. An analytical scheme, the LAQUA protocol, was developed as a guide for the analytical work. The protocol includes organic as well as metals,. inorganic ions, water-quality parameters, and toxicity. The proposed strategy considers the behaviour of both polar and non-polar organic substances at trace levels. For polar substances, phenols were chosen as markers and determined with an automated supported liquid membrane extraction device, coupled on-line to HPLC with a diode-array detector. For non-polar substances, PCBs and 10 unidentified compounds were chosen as markers and analysed by solid-phase extraction combined with supercritical fluid extraction with GC analysis. The chosen measurement strategy, based on the use of marker substances, difference measurements, and versatile data-handling procedures, provided essential information about complex systems at relatively low cost.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hallgren, Pär, et al.
(författare)
-
A new spectrophotometric method for improved indirect measurement of low levels of vitellogenin using malachite green
- 2012
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1029-0397 .- 0306-7319. ; 92:7, s. 894-908
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vitellogenin (VTG) is a well-known biomarker for endocrine disruption and the measurement of alkali-labile protein bound phosphate (ALP) has been used as an indirect quantification method for VTG in fish, clam and mussel. One limitation of the ALP method has been the insufficient detection limit but with the method presented here this obstacle has been overcome, enabling measurement in fish species with very low background levels and hence a wider usage of ALP measurements in the future. In a previous publication, relying on spectrophotometric measurement with molybdate, we presented an improved protocol for ALP measurement in fish plasma. The sample preparation in that paper has here been combined with an improved spectrophotometric determination using malachite green as colour reagent. The spectrophotometric measurement was optimised with respect to acidity and reagent concentration. The validated method has a detection limit of 0.3 mu g PO43- ml(-1) plasma, which is 10 times lower than previous spectrophotometric methods using molybdate reagent, and an intra-assay variation of 7%. The new method was used for screening of endocrine effects by placing juvenile rainbow trout at three locations along the Vallkarra brook, Lund Sweden, which receives leachate water from a nearby covered landfill. In comparison with reference fish, ALP was significantly higher (66%) at the 99% confidence level in fish placed close to the landfill. ALP was also significantly higher (33%) at the 95% confidence level in fish from the group placed further downstream. Fish placed in a brook branch not receiving leachate were unaffected. The low levels of ALP in reference fish (5.5 +/- 0.7 SD PO43- mu g/ml plasma) could not have been quantified with such precision with another method for ALP measurement. The indirect quantification of VTG as ALP is a more economic alternative compared to quantification with immunological methods.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hallgren, Pär, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Improved spectrophotometric vitellogenin determination via alkali-labile phosphate in fish plasma : a cost effective approach for assessment of endocrine
- 2009
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - 0306-7319 .- 1029-0397. ; 89:14, s. 1023-1042
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vitellogenin (VTG) is a well known protein biomarker for exposure to environmental estrogens and possible endocrine disruption in fish. VTG is very dominant in plasma after the onset of vitellogenesis and the protein is heavily phosphorylated. This enables indirect quantification through measurement of alkali-labile protein bound phosphate (ALP) as an alternative to the more expensive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Good correlation has previously been shown between ALP and actual VTG levels but little effort has been made to investigate the method in an analytical way e.g., to assure the origin of the measured phosphate. During this method development care has been taken to rule out non-VTG sources of phosphate such as phospholipids and free phosphate in the blood plasma. Sample preparation has been simplified and unnecessary steps have been omitted. The common spectrophotometric measurement for ALP involves measurement at two wavelengths and calculation of corrected absorbance values. With a quick phase separation step the spectrophotometric phosphate determination using molybdic acid and ascorbic acid has been improved and all matrix interference has been eliminated. The final ALP method presented here has a detection limit of 3.2 µg PO43-/ml plasma which is six times lower than similar methods and it also has less variability. A high sample throughput in comparison to previous ALP methods is possible after scaling down sample and reagent volumes to fit in a 96 well microtiter plate. The cost for buying all chemicals and plastic consumer goods for setting up the indirect protocol for the analysis of 1000 samples is only circa 350 euro. This is only 1% of the material cost for buying commercially available test kit for direct quantification of VTG in the same number of samples. The ALP method should thus be of interest also for applied scientists outside advanced research laboratories.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Kängsepp, Pille, et al.
(författare)
-
Column studies aiming at identification of suitable filter materials for pollutant removal from landfill leachate
- 2008
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environment and Waste Management. - 1478-9876 .- 1478-9868. ; 2:6, s. 506-525
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfill leachate contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic pollutants, which need to be removed before they pollute the environment. Different filter media (peat mixed with either carbon-containing ash, polyurethane waste, or wood pellets) were investigated with respect to their possibility to simultaneously and at low initial concentrations remove metals, polar and non-polar organic compounds. The mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash was found to be the best medium. Reduction in leachate of phenolic substances was 96%, of PBDEs was over 98%, of DOC 40% and of important metals as Cu, Pb and Sn 60%, 90% and 93%, respectively.
|
|
