| 1. |
- Buser, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of stress on tournament entry
- 2016
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Ingår i: Experimental Economics. - : Springer (part of Springer Nature): Springer Open Choice Hybrid Journals. - 1573-6938 .- 1386-4157. ; , s. 1-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individual willingness to enter competitive environments predicts career choices and labor market outcomes. Meanwhile, many people experience competitive contexts as stressful. We use two laboratory experiments to investigate whether factors related to stress can help explain individual differences in tournament entry. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured as salivary cortisol) to taking part in a mandatory tournament predict individual willingness to participate in a voluntary tournament. We find that competing increases stress levels. This cortisol response does not predict tournament entry for men but is positively and significantly correlated with choosing to enter the tournament for women. In Experiment 2, we exogenously induce physiological stress using the cold-pressor task. We find a positive causal effect of stress on tournament entry for women but no effect for men. Finally, we show that although the effect of stress on tournament entry differs between the genders, stress reactions cannot explain the well-documented gender difference in willingness to compete.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gärtner, Manja, et al.
(författare)
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Risk preferences and the demand for redistribution
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- If individuals view redistributive policy as an insurance against future negative economic shocks, then the demand for redistribution increases in individual risk aversion. We provide a direct test of the correlation between the demand for redistribution and individual risk aversion in a customized survey and find that they are strongly and robustly positively correlated: more risk averse people demand more redistribution. We also replicate the results from previous literature and, on the one hand, find that the demand for redistribution is positively correlated with altruism, the belief that individual economic success is the result of luck rather than effort, a working-class parental background and downward mobility experience and expectations. On the other hand, preferences for redistribution are negatively correlated with income, a conservative political ideology and upward mobility experience and expectations. The magnitude of the correlation between risk aversion and the demand for redistribution is comparable to the magnitude of these previously identified, and here replicated, correlates.
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| 5. |
- Karadja, Mounir, et al.
(författare)
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Richer (and Holier) Than Thou? The Effect of Relative Income Improvements on Demand for Redistribution
- 2017
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Ingår i: Review of Economics and Statistics. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 99:2, s. 201-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a tailor-made survey on a Swedish sample to investigate how individuals' relative income affects their demand for redistribution. We first document that a majority misperceive their position in the income distribution and believe that they are poorer, relative to others, than they actually are. We then inform a subsample about their true relative income and find that individuals who are richer than they initially thought demand less redistribution. This result is driven by individuals with prior right-of-center political preferences who view taxes as distortive and believe that effort, rather than luck, drives individual economic success.
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| 6. |
- Karadja, Mounir, et al.
(författare)
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Richer (and Holier) Than Thou? The Effect of Relative Income Improvements on Demand for Redistribution
- 2014
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the extent to which people are misinformed about their relative position in the income distribution and the effects on preferences for redistribution of correcting faulty beliefs. We implement a tailor-made survey in Sweden and document that a vast majority of Swedes believe that they are poorer, relative to others, than they actually are. This is true across groups, but younger, poorer, less cognitively able and less educated individuals have perceptions that are further from reality. Using a second survey, we conduct an experiment by randomly informing a subsample about their true relative income position. Respondents who learn that they are richer than they thought demand less redistribution and increase their support for the Conservative party.This result is entirely driven by prior right-of-center political preferences and not by altruism or moral values about redistribution. Moreover, the effect can be reconciled by people with political preferences to the right-of-center being more likely to view taxes as distortive and to believe that it is personal effort rather than luck that is most influential for individual economic success.
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| 7. |
- Kessel, Dany, et al.
(författare)
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Can simple advice eliminate the gender gap in willingness to compete?
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a recent literature has demonstrated, men and women differ in their willingness to sort into competitive environments. In particular, men are more willing than women to compete. We investigate whether it is possible to reduce the gender gap in willingness to compete through an information intervention that informs participants of the gap and advises them about the potential earnings implications. We find that this simple information intervention reduced the gender gap, both in a laboratory study at a German university and in a field study with Swedish high school students. Whereas some participants (primarily high-performing women) benefited from the intervention, others lost out. We discuss the implications for efficiency and policy.
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| 8. |
- Munkhammar, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Social framing effects: Preferences or beliefs?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Games and Economic Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 1090-2473 .- 0899-8256. ; 76:1, s. 117-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an otherwise neutrally described Prisonersʼ dilemma experiment, we document that behavior is more likely to be cooperative when the game is called the Community Game than when it is called the Stock Market Game. However, the difference vanishes when only one of the subjects is in control of her action. The social framing effect also vanishes when the game is played sequentially. These findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the Community label triggers a desire to cooperate, but consistent with the hypothesis that social frames are coordination devices. More generally, our evidence indicates that social frames enter peopleʼs beliefs rather than their preferences.
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