| 1. |
- Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, Beata, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic resistance and NG-MAST sequence types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Poland compared to the world
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advances in Dermatology and Allergology / Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii. - : Termedia Publishing. - 1642-395X .- 2299-0046. ; 35:6, s. 546-551
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and in 2012, the World Health Organization estimated about 78 million of new global urogenital cases among adults per year. The main concern during the latest decade has been the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Resistance has emerged internationally to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ceftriaxone and cefixime, which are the last remaining options for empiric first-line monotherapy of gonorrhoea. In Poland, the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, benzylpenicillin and tetracycline are high, and the prevalence of azithromycin resistance has increased. However, no resistance to ceftriaxone has been identified. The currently spread multidrug-resistant strains frequently represent epidemic clones. The present paper reviews and describes the antimicrobial resistance and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) sequence types of N. gonorrhoeae strains spreading in Poland compared to the world.
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| 2. |
- Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, Beata, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance and genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Poland, 2010-2012
- 2014
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Ingår i: BMC Infectious Diseases. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2334. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In Poland, gonorrhoea has been a mandatorily reported infection since 1948, however, the reported incidences are likely underestimated. No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been internationally reported in nearly four decades, and data concerning genetic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae are totally lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate the AMR to previously and currently recommended gonorrhoea treatment options, the main genetic resistance determinant (penA) for extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), and genotypic distribution of N. gonorrhoeae isolates in Poland in 2010-2012.Methods: N. gonorrhoeae isolates cultured in 2010 (n = 28), 2011 (n = 92) and 2012 (n = 108) in Warsaw and Bialystok, Poland, were examined using antimicrobial susceptibility testing (Etest), pyrosequencing of penA and N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST).Results: The proportions of N. gonorrhoeae isolates showing resistance were as follows: ciprofloxacin 61%, tetracycline 43%, penicillin G 22%, and azithromycin 8.8%. No isolates resistant to ceftriaxone, cefixime or spectinomycin were found. However, the proportion of isolates with an ESC MIC = 0.125 mg/L, i.e. at the resistance breakpoint, increased significantly from none in 2010 to 9.3% and 19% in 2012 for ceftriaxone and cefixime, respectively. Furthermore, 3.1% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance, i.e., resistance to ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, azithromycin, and decreased susceptibility to cefixime (MIC = 0.125 mg/L). Seventy-six isolates (33%) possessed a penA mosaic allele and 14 isolates (6.1%) contained an A501V/T alteration in penicillin-binding protein 2. NG-MAST ST1407 (n = 58, 25% of isolates) was the most prevalent ST, which significantly increased from 2010 (n = 0) to 2012 (n = 46; 43%).Conclusions: In Poland, the diversified gonococcal population displayed a high resistance to most antimicrobials internationally previously recommended for gonorrhoea treatment and decreasing susceptibility to the currently recommended ESCs. The decreasing susceptibility to ESCs was mostly due to the introduction of the internationally spread multidrug-resistant NG-MAST ST1407 in 2011. It is essential to promptly revise the gonorrhoea treatment guidelines, improve the gonorrhoea laboratory diagnostics, and implement quality assured surveillance of gonococcal AMR (ideally also treatment failures) in Poland.
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| 3. |
- W. Smallcombe, James, et al.
(författare)
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Update of clothing database for existing and new Western clothing ensembles, including effects of posture, body and air movement : Report on manikin measurements for ASHRAE 1760-TRP.
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ASHRAE Research Project RP-1760 aimed to update thedatabase of western clothing as used in ANSI/ASHRAE Stan-dard 55-2013, Thermal Environmental Conditions for HumanOccupancy (ASHRAE 2013a), ISO Standard 7730-2005,Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—Analytical Deter-mination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calcu-lation of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local ThermalComfort Criteria (ISO 2005), and ISO Standard 9920-2009,Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—Estimation ofThermal Insulation and Water Vapor Resistance of a ClothingEnsemble (ISO 2009). The previous database, established inthe 1970s and 1980s, relied mostly on single-zone manikinsand did not provide detail on air and body movement effects oninsulation. Insulation values of up to 70 clothing ensembles(31 male, 39 female) were measured in a static standingposture at 0.2, 0.4, and 1 m/s–1 (0.66, 1.31, and 3.28 ft/s–1) airspeed, walking in 0.2 and 1.0 m.s–1 air speed, and in a sittingposture in 0.2 m.s–1 air speed. Measurements were conductedin three laboratories on three manikins with up to 34 individ-ually controlled zones. In addition, vapor resistance was deter-mined in 31 ensembles. This new database provides total,intrinsic and air insulation values, vapor resistance, and cloth-ing area factors as well as correction factors to estimate thewind and movement effect on clothing insulation. Further-more, the model to estimate the clothing area factor from insu-lation values of the ensembles was updated reflecting changesin commonly worn clothing styles.
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