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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
- Machado, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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IL-1 beta reduces GluAl phosphorylation and its surface expression during memory reconsolidation and cc-melanocyte-stimulating hormone can modulate these effects
- 2018
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Ingår i: Neuropharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0028-3908 .- 1873-7064. ; 128, s. 314-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Particularly, interleukin-beta (IL-beta) influences hippocampus-dependent memories. We previously reported that administration of IL-1 beta in dorsal hippocampus impaired contextual fear memory reconsolidation. This effect was reversed by the melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH). Our results also demonstrated that IL-1 beta produced a significant decrease in glutamate release from dorsal hippo campus synaptosomes after reactivation of the fear memory. Therefore, we investigated whether IL-beta administration can affect GIuA1 AMPA subunit phosphorylation, surface expression, and total expression during reconsolidation of a contextual fear memory. Also, we studied the modulatory effect of alpha-MSH. We found that IL-beta reduced phosphorylation of this subunit at Serine 831 and Serine 845 60 min after contextual fear memory reactivation. The intrahippocampal administration of IL-beta after memory reactivation also induced a decrease in surface expression and total expression of GIuA1. alpha-MSH prevented the effect of IL-beta on GIuAI phosphorylation in Serine 845, but not in Serine 831. Moreover, treatment with alpha-MSH also prevented the effect of the cytokine on GluAl surface and total expression after memory reactivation. Our results demonstrated that IL-beta regulates phosphorylation of GIuAI and may thus play an important role in modulation of AMPAR function and synaptic plasticity in the brain. These findings further illustrate the importance of IL-beta in cognition processes dependent on the hippocampus, and also reinforced the fact that alpha-MSH can reverse IL-1 beta effects on memory reconsolidation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Machado, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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Interleukin-1 beta-induced memory reconsolidation impairment is mediated by a reduction in glutamate release and zif268 expression and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone prevented these effects
- 2015
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 46, s. 137-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immune system is an important modulator of learning, memory and neural plasticity. Interleukin 1 13 (IL-1 beta), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, significantly affects several cognitive processes. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that intrahippocampal administration of IL-1 beta impairs reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. This effect was reversed by the melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). The mechanisms underlying the effect of IL-1 beta on memory reconsolidation have not yet been established. Therefore, we examined the effect of IL-1 beta on glutamate release, ERK phosphorylation and the activation of the transcription factor zinc finger- 268 (zif268) during reconsolidation. Our results demonstrated that IL-1 beta induced a significant decrease of glutamate release after reactivation of the fear memory and this effect was related to calcium concentration in hippocampal synaptosomes. IL-1 beta also reduced ERK phosphorylation and zif268 expression in the hippocampus. Central administration of a-MSH prevented the decrease in glutamate release, ERK phosphorylation and zif268 expression induced by IL-1 beta. Our results establish possible mechanisms involved in the detrimental effect of IL-1 beta on memory reconsolidation and also indicate that a-MSH may exert a beneficial modulatory role in preventing IL-1 beta effects.
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| 6. |
- Machado, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) reverses impairment of memory reconsolidation induced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) hippocampal infusions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 31:11, s. 2141-2144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) significantly influences cognitive processes. Treatments which raise the level of IL-1β in the brain impair memory consolidation in contextual fear conditioning. However, the effect of IL-1β on memory reconsolidation has not yet been established. The melanocortin α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions by antagonizing the effect of proinflammatory cytokines. Five subtypes of melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) have been identified, of which MC3R and MC4R are predominant in the central nervous system. The present experiments show that the injection of IL-1β (5 ng/0.25 μl) in dorsal hippocampus up to 30 min after re-exposition to the context decreases freezing during the contextual fear test. Impairment of memory reconsolidation was reversed by treatment with α-MSH (0.05 μg/0.25 μl). Administration of the MC4 receptor antagonist HS014 (0.5 μg/0.25 μl) blocked the effect of α-MSH. These results suggest that IL-1β may influence memory reconsolidation and that activation of central MC4R could lead to improve cognitive performance.
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