| 1. |
- Kilbrink, Nina, 1974-
(författare)
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Lära för framtiden : Transfer i teknisk yrkesutbildning
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här avhandlingen handlar om transfer i relation till tekniklärande och teknisk yrkesutbildning. Transfer är centralt för all utbildning och att kunna använda och bygga vidare på tidigare kunskaper och erfarenheter i nya situationer är nödvändigt i ett föränderligt samhälle med en snabb teknisk utveckling.Syftet med avhandlingen är att studera transfer ur ett erfarenhetsperspektiv. Avhandlingen grundar sig i ett livsvärldsfenomenologiskt perspektiv. Elevers, lärares och handledares erfarenheter av undervisning och lärande är en central utgångspunkt. I tre av avhandlingens delstudier fokuseras berättelser om teknisk gymnasial yrkesutbildning som lärlingsutbildning och i den fjärde delstudien fokuseras hur uppgifter av teoretisk och praktisk karaktär erfars och hanteras i teknikundervisningen i grundskolan. Resultaten visar på behovet av lärande i olika arenor och behovet av ett holistiskt lärande där teori och praktik hanteras integrerat. Eleverna behöver erbjudas en variation av erfarenheter från olika arenor och flera arbetsplatser, där lärare och handledare skapar förutsättningar för reflektion i relation till den praktiska erfarenheten. Något som också starkt betonas är ett fungerande samarbete mellan skola och arbetsplatser i yrkesutbildning.
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| 2. |
- Magnusson Nählinder, Staffan, 1971-
(författare)
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Flight Simulator Training : Assessing the Potential
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mental workload is an important concept and has been proven to be a precursor to situation awareness and operative performance. This thesis describes methods to measure mental workload through self-ratings and psychophysiological measurements. Similarities and differences in psychophysiological reactions and rated mental workload between simulated and real flights are described. The consequences of such similarities and differences are discussed and its possible effect on training potential.A number of empirical studies are presented. They describe the experience and the psychophysiological reactions of pilots flying in a simulator and in real flight. In most cases, the reactions are similar – there is a high degree of accordance in rated mental workload and psychophysiological reaction between simulated and real flight. The studies show, that even though the responses are similar, there are also interesting differences. In one study, the pilots have consistently lower heart rate, higher heart rate variability and less eye movements in the simulator than in real flight. In another study, during certain events, the pilots have higher heart rate in the simulator than in real flight. The results are important in order to understand the training potential of simulators from a human factors perspective. Further, two measurement equipments for psychophysiological recording are compared and various psychophysiological measures are tested in applied settings.The thesis also discusses some methodological aspects, such as methods to create reliable and valid variables in dynamic applied research and how to deal with individual differences. An algorithm is suggested to remove differences between individuals. This facilitates the finding of within-participant effects.Finally, results from a study on embedded training tools are presented. In this study, student pilots and instructors rated the usefulness of several embedded training tools. These tools were built into a simulator to facilitate learning and teaching by illustrating concepts that can be difficult to understand. The results show clearly that such training tools are appreciated by both students and instructors. Well implemented, thoroughly selected training tools can dramatically improve the training potential of future training simulators.
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| 3. |
- Sundström, Johan, Professor, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for subarachnoid haemorrhage : a nationwide cohort of 950 000 adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 48:6, s. 2018-2025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease, with high mortality rate and substantial disability among survivors. Its causes are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate risk factors for SAH using a novel nationwide cohort consortium.METHODS: We obtained individual participant data of 949 683 persons (330 334 women) between 25 and 90 years old, with no history of SAH at baseline, from 21 population-based cohorts. Outcomes were obtained from the Swedish Patient and Causes of Death Registries.RESULTS: During 13 704 959 person-years of follow-up, 2659 cases of first-ever fatal or non-fatal SAH occurred, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 9.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) (7.4-10.6)/100 000 person-years] in men and 13.8 [(11.4-16.2)/100 000 person-years] in women. The incidence rate increased exponentially with higher age. In multivariable-adjusted Poisson models, marked sex interactions for current smoking and body mass index (BMI) were observed. Current smoking conferred a rate ratio (RR) of 2.24 (95% CI 1.95-2.57) in women and 1.62 (1.47-1.79) in men. One standard deviation higher BMI was associated with an RR of 0.86 (0.81-0.92) in women and 1.02 (0.96-1.08) in men. Higher blood pressure and lower education level were also associated with higher risk of SAH.CONCLUSIONS: The risk of SAH is 45% higher in women than in men, with substantial sex differences in risk factor strengths. In particular, a markedly stronger adverse effect of smoking in women may motivate targeted public health initiatives.
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| 4. |
- Dulic, Tomislav, 1968-
(författare)
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Utopias of Nation : Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941-42
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analyses the mechanisms of local mass violence perpetrated by the Croatian fascist Ustasha organisation and the Serbian nationalist Chetniks in Bosnia and Herzegovina during 1941–42. A theoretical and methodological model has been devised, that is based on an investigation the three “dimensions” of mass killing, namely intent, systematics and magnitude. Each of the dimensions are connected to the three phases of conceptualisation, implementation and realisation, which forms the “process of mass killing”.The conceptualisation phase relates to how the actors conceived their ideas of “ethnic purification” and exclusion, and how the ideology was mediated to the public. The analysis of the implementation phase aims at identifying the phases and levels of systematic destruction, and the social processes at work in the local communities, including how victims tried to cope and avoid perseution, public responses, and the motives for participating in terror. The third phase is dedicated to a statistical analysis in order to identify the magnitude of destruction, victim categories and the effects of policy changes.The empirical data is based on documents originating with the main belligerents, witness statements, memoirs, and statistical data. The conclusions are that the killings and persecution were well organised, although there were differences between the main belligerents. The study also shows that propaganda played a less important role for participation in mass killing than is frequently believed, while factors such as insecurity and the prospect of personal gain were more salient. The theoretical and methodological ap-proach proved particularly useful, since it showed that local circumstances significantly affect the destruction process. At the same time, the study identifies a strong correlation between decision-making on the political level and local mass killing.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Jan, 1973-
(författare)
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Laborativt arbete i fysikundervisningen : Något som behöver diskuteras!
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BaksidestextI gymnasieskolans kursplaner för ämnet fysik framhålls det undersökande arbetssättet genom att betona att eleverna ska ges förutsättningar att utveckla förmågan att söka svar på frågor, planera, genomföra, tolka och redovisa experiment. Eleverna ska dessutom ges möjligheter att använda sina kunskaper i fysik för att kommunicera, argumentera och presentera slutsatser. Utgångspunkten i den här avhandlingen är att laborationsmomentet skapar en speciell diskurs där eleverna blir aktörer och läraren iträder rollen som observatör. I en sådan miljö skapas förutsättningar för att eleverna på ett naturligt sätt får möjlighet att prata och diskutera fysik, utifrån sina egna förutsättningar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att genom praktikbaserade studier tydliggöra hur fysiklaborationens utformning påverkar elevernas kommunikation och vidare hur eleverna använder språket vid laborationstillfället för att skapa förståelse. Detta bidrar till debatten om fysiklaborationens effektivitet, sett både ur ett undervisnings- och inlärningsperspektiv. Resultaten visar att olika laborationsformer är uppbyggda av liknande aktiviteter, men varierar i tid som ägnas åt de olika aktiviteterna. Aktiviteterna i sin tur skapar samtal av olika karaktär. Olika samtalsformer används för skilda syften. Ett analytiskt ramverk har skapats för att ingående kunna studera hur och vad eleverna talar om både på en lingvistisk och kognitiv nivå.
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| 6. |
- Bergström, Göran, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Body weight at age 20 and in midlife is more important than weight gain for coronary atherosclerosis: Results from SCAPIS.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1484 .- 0021-9150. ; 373, s. 46-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated body weight in adolescence is associated with early cardiovascular disease, but whether this association is traceable to weight in early adulthood, weight in midlife or to weight gain is not known. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of midlife coronary atherosclerosis being associated with body weight at age 20, body weight in midlife and body weight change.We used data from 25,181 participants with no previous myocardial infarction or cardiac procedure in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS, mean age 57 years, 51% women). Data on coronary atherosclerosis, self-reported body weight at age 20 and measured midlife weight were recorded together with potential confounders and mediators. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and expressed as segment involvement score (SIS).The probability of having coronary atherosclerosis was markedly higher with increasing weight at age 20 and with mid-life weight (p<0.001 for both sexes). However, weight increase from age 20 until mid-life was only modestly associated with coronary atherosclerosis. The association between weight gain and coronary atherosclerosis was mainly seen in men. However, no significant sex difference could be detected when adjusting for the 10-year delay in disease development in women.Similar in men and women, weight at age 20 and weight in midlife are strongly related to coronary atherosclerosis while weight increase from age 20 until midlife is only modestly related to coronary atherosclerosis.
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| 7. |
- Bergström, Göran, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in the General Population
- 2021
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Ingår i: Circulation. - Philadelphia : American Heart Association. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 144:12, s. 916-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Early detection of coronary atherosclerosis using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), in addition to coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring, may help inform prevention strategies. We used CCTA to determine the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis and its association with CAC scores in a general population.Methods: We recruited 30 154 randomly invited individuals age 50 to 64 years to SCAPIS (the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study). The study includes individuals without known coronary heart disease (ie, no previous myocardial infarctions or cardiac procedures) and with high-quality results from CCTA and CAC imaging performed using dedicated dual-source CT scanners. Noncontrast images were scored for CAC. CCTA images were visually read and scored for coronary atherosclerosis per segment (defined as no atherosclerosis, 1% to 49% stenosis, or ≥50% stenosis). External validity of prevalence estimates was evaluated using inverse probability for participation weighting and Swedish register data.Results: In total, 25 182 individuals without known coronary heart disease were included (50.6% women). Any CCTA-detected atherosclerosis was found in 42.1%; any significant stenosis (≥50%) in 5.2%; left main, proximal left anterior descending artery, or 3-vessel disease in 1.9%; and any noncalcified plaques in 8.3% of this population. Onset of atherosclerosis was delayed on average by 10 years in women. Atherosclerosis was more prevalent in older individuals and predominantly found in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Prevalence of CCTA-detected atherosclerosis increased with increasing CAC scores. Among those with a CAC score >400, all had atherosclerosis and 45.7% had significant stenosis. In those with 0 CAC, 5.5% had atherosclerosis and 0.4% had significant stenosis. In participants with 0 CAC and intermediate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to the pooled cohort equation, 9.2% had CCTA-verified atherosclerosis. Prevalence estimates had excellent external validity and changed marginally when adjusted to the age-matched Swedish background population.Conclusions: Using CCTA in a large, random sample of the general population without established disease, we showed that silent coronary atherosclerosis is common in this population. High CAC scores convey a significant probability of substantial stenosis, and 0 CAC does not exclude atherosclerosis, particularly in those at higher baseline risk.
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| 8. |
- Kostic, Roland, 1975-
(författare)
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Ambivalent Peace : External Peacebuilding, Threatened Identity and Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study expands the enquiry of external efforts to build peace after an ethnic war by investigating the effects these efforts may have on societal security and reconciliation among groups in a host society. To achieve this, a theoretical framework, combining theories on the character of external peacebuilding, and theories on societal security and reconciliation, was devised and applied to the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The contemporary model of peacebuilding is conceptualised and studied in terms of its identity-building and state-building components. Further, the concept of societal security is used to explain the notion of threatened identity and its protection, and its relation to reconciliation, as the process of attitudinal change needed to develop a minimum of mutual acceptance between former adversaries. The empirical part is based on qualitative interviews with members of the political elite, and a sociological survey undertaken among ordinary citizens. The attitudes of 22 politicians from 10 political parties, as well as the attitudes of 2,500 interviewees from different parts of the country, are analysed with the aim of probing the theoretical construct. The theoretical and methodological approach proved useful in uncovering pertinent aspects of an ambivalent peace process. Both interviews and survey data show that ethnonational groups continue to threaten each other by competing demand for ethnic rights and security, while external nation-building measures further exacerbate this state of societal insecurity. As a result, ethnonational identities remain highly mobilised and play an important role in the lives of ordinary people and politicians alike. This situation, in which each community is focused on protecting its own identity, including a particular view of the causes and character of the recent war, rather than seeking a rapprochement with the former opponent, is a key characteristic of ambivalent peace. The results are important for both theories of peacebuilding and their implementation, and call for a reassessment of current models.
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| 9. |
- Spasenić, Jelena, 1979-
(författare)
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The Shadows of the Past : A Study of Life-World and Identity of Serbian Youth after the Milošević Regime
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis explores the consequences of the Milošević regime and the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s for young people in Serbia. It deals with the conditions under which recent history makes itself relevant in the lives of two high-school classes of eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds. In order to unravel the ramifications of the past, anthropological fieldwork was conducted for twelve months during 2007-2009 in the city of Novi Sad, situated in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The study builds on participant observation and interviews. It pays attention to the interplay of objective conditions, which have arisen from complex social processes in the Balkans, and subjective understanding of past events and their corollaries in social relations at present. Drawing on a phenomenological perspective, symbolic interactionism, and social identity theory, which provide important insights into the processes of cognition and identification, it is demonstrated that young people’s relationship to the past and present of their society is marked by ambivalence. Most of the participants in the study have no experience of the war in the true sense of the word. On the other hand, they do have an experience of a surrounding world characterized by considerable social contradictions and oppositions, and of people who are stressed and worried about the future. A closer investigation of the realms of school, family, society, and self indicates that the impacts and meanings of historical events due to differing cultural and political models are not uniform. In order to be of import in everyday life, they have to be integrated into individuals’ comprehension of their world. Such an integration of the legacies of the past will depend not only on the human capacity for moral reflection but also on the prospects for economic development and social stability in Serbia.
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