| 1. |
- Magnusson, Roger, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation and tunable optical properties of amorphous AlSiO thin films
- 2021
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Ingår i: Vacuum. - : Elsevier. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin films in the aluminosilicate (AlSiO) system containing up to 31 at. % Al and 23 at. % Si were prepared by reactive RF magnetron co-sputtering in order to investigate the dependence of film formation and optical properties on substrate temperature and Si and Al contents. The obtained films were amorphous with smooth microstructure. The growth rate at different substrate temperatures ranged from 1.2 to 3.3 nm/min and increase with increasing the Si target power. The roughness decreases and thickness increases with increasing Si content. The thickness of the films grown at a deposition temperature of 100 °C is found to be higher than the films deposited at 300 and 500 °C. The AlSiO-coated glasses have a higher transmission in the visible region than the uncoated glass. The spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis reveals that the refractive index value decreased with decreasing the Al content, having extinction coefficient values of zero in the measured spectral region and band gap values ≥ 3.4 eV. The obtained thin films have over 90% transmittance in the visible range and no systematic variation of transmittance was observed with substrate temperature. The results suggest that glass substrate coated with AlSiO thin films have improved optical properties.
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| 2. |
- Bairagi, Samiran, et al.
(författare)
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Formation of quaternary Zn(AlxGa1−x)2O4 epilayers driven by thermally induced interdiffusion between spinel ZnGa2O4 epilayer and Al2O3 substrate
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Today Advances. - : Elsevier. - 2590-0498. ; 20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc aluminogallate, Zn(AlxGa1−x)2O4 (ZAGO), a single-phase spinel structure, offers considerable potential for high-performance electronic devices due to its expansive compositional miscibility range between aluminum (Al) and gallium (Ga). Direct growth of high-quality ZAGO epilayers however remains problematic due to the high volatility of zinc (Zn). This work highlights a novel synthesis process for high-quality epitaxial quaternary ZAGO thin films on sapphire substrates, achieved through thermal annealing of a ZnGa2O4 (ZGO) epilayer on sapphire in an ambient air setting. In-situ annealing x-ray diffraction measurements show that the incorporation of Al in the ZGO epilayer commenced at 850 °C. The Al content (x) in ZAGO epilayer gradually increased up to around 0.45 as the annealing temperature was raised to 1100 °C, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. X-ray rocking curve measurement revealed a small full width at half maximum value of 0.72 °, indicating the crystal quality preservation of the ZAGO epilayer with a high Al content. However, an epitaxial intermediate �–(AlxGa1−x)2O3 layer (� - AGO) was formed between the ZAGO and sapphire substrate. This is believed to be a consequence of the interdiffusion of Al and Ga between the ZGO thin film and sapphire substrate. Using density functional theory, the substitution cost of Ga in sapphire was determined to be about 0.5 eV lower than substitution cost of Al in ZGO. Motivated by this energetically favorable substitution, a formation mechanism of the ZAGO and AGO layers was proposed. Spectroscopic ellipsometry studies revealed an increase in total thickness of the film from 105.07 nm (ZGO) to 147.97 nm (ZAGO/AGO) after annealing to 1100 °C, which were corroborated using TEM. Furthermore, an observed increase in the direct (indirect) optical bandgap from 5.06 eV (4.7 eV) to 5.72 eV (5.45 eV) with an increasing Al content in the ZAGO layer further underpins the formation of a quaternary ZAGO alloy with a tunable composition.
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| 3. |
- Höjer Holmgren, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Part 1 : Tracing Russian VX to its synthetic routes by multivariate statistics of chemical attribution signatures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Talanta. - : Elsevier. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 186, s. 586-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical attribution signatures (CAS) associated with different synthetic routes used for the production of Russian VX (VR) were identified. The goal of the study was to retrospectively determine the production method employed for an unknown VR sample. Six different production methods were evaluated, carefully chosen to include established synthetic routes used in the past for large scale production of the agent, routes involving general phosphorus-sulfur chemistry pathways leading to the agent, and routes whose main characteristic is their innate simplicity in execution. Two laboratories worked in parallel and synthesized a total of 37 batches of VR via the six synthetic routes following predefined synthesis protocols. The chemical composition of impurities and byproducts in each route was analyzed by GC/MS-EI and 49 potential CAS were recognized as important markers in distinguishing these routes using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The 49 potential CAS included expected species based on knowledge of reaction conditions and pathways but also several novel compounds that were fully identified and characterized by a combined analysis that included MS-CI, MS-EI and HR-MS. The CAS profiles of the calibration set were then analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and a cross validated model was constructed. The model allowed the correct classification of an external test set without any misclassifications, demonstrating the utility of this methodology for attributing VR samples to a particular production method. This work is part one of a three-part series in this Forensic VSI issue of a Sweden-United States collaborative effort towards the understanding of the CAS of VR in diverse batches and matrices. This part focuses on the CAS in synthesized batches of crude VR and in the following two parts of the series the influence of food matrices on the CAS profiles are investigated.
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| 4. |
- Höjer Holmgren, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis route attribution of sulfur mustard by multivariate data analysis of chemical signatures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Talanta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 186, s. 615-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multivariate model was developed to attribute samples to a synthetic method used in the production of sulfur mustard (HD). Eleven synthetic methods were used to produce 66 samples for model construction. Three chemists working in both participating laboratories took part in the production, with the aim to introduce variability while reducing the influence of laboratory or chemist specific impurities in multivariate analysis. A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data set of peak areas for 103 compounds was subjected to orthogonal partial least squares - discriminant analysis to extract chemical attribution signature profiles and to construct multivariate models for classification of samples. For one- and two-step routes, model quality allowed the classification of an external test set (16/16 samples) according to synthesis conditions in the reaction yielding sulfur mustard. Classification of samples according to first-step methodology was considerably more difficult, given the high purity and uniform quality of the intermediate thiodiglycol produced in the study. Model performance in classification of aged samples was also investigated.
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| 5. |
- Magnusson, Roger, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Decomposition of angle resolved spectroscopic Mueller matrices from Scarabaeidae beetles
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We use angle-dependent Mueller-matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry (MMSE) to determine Mueller matrices of Scarabaeidae beetles which show fascinating reflection properties due to structural phenomena in the exocuticle which are often depolarizing. It has been shown by Cloude [1] that a depolarizing matrix can be decomposed into a sum of up to four non-depolarizing matrices according to M= aM1+bM2+cM3+dM4, where a, b, c and d are eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of M. Using the same eigenvalues the matrices Mi can be calculated. This method provides the full solution to the decomposition with both the non-depolarizing matrices and the weight of each of them in the sum.An alternative to Cloude decomposition is regression decomposition. Here any Mueller matrix can be decomposed into a set of matrices Mi which are specified beforehand. Whereas in Cloude decomposition the only constraint on the matrices is that they are physically realizable non-depolarizing Mueller matrices, we can now limit the constraint and only use Mueller matrices representing pure optical devices having direct physical meaning, such as polarizers, retarders, etc. This leaves a, b, c, d as fit parameters to minimize the Frobenius norm Mexp -Mreg where Mexp is the experimentally determined Mueller matrix to be decomposed and Mreg is the sum of all Mi. Depending on Mexp an appropriate choice of Mreg matrices has to be made and different values of a, b, c and d are obtained through regression analysis.We have previously shown that regression decomposition can be used to show that the Mueller matrix of Cetonia aurata can be decomposed into a sum of a circular polarizer and a mirror [2]. Here we expand the analysis to include angle-resolved spectral Mueller matrices, and also include more species of Scarabaeidae beetles.One effect of the decomposition is that when depolarization is caused by an inhomogeneous sample with regions of different optical properties the Mueller matrices of the different regions can be retrieved under certain conditions. Regression decomposition also has potential to be a classification tool for biological samples where a set of standard matrices are used in the decomposition and the parameters a, b, c, d are used to quantify the polarizing properties of the sample.[1] Cloude S.R. 1989. Conditions for the physical realisability of matrix operators in polarimetry. Proc. SPIE 1166, Polarization Considerations for Optical Systems II, pp. 177-185[2] Arwin H, Magnusson R, Garcia-Caurel E, Fallet C, Järrendahl K, De Martino A, Ossikovski R, 2015. Sum decomposition of Mueller-matrix images and spectra of beetle cuticles. Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1951–1966
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| 6. |
- Magnusson, Roger, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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InxAl1-xN chiral nanorods mimicking the polarization features of scarab beetles
- 2015
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Ingår i: SPIE Proceedings Vol. 942. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 9781628415322 ; , s. 94290A-1-94290A-8
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scarab beetle Cetonia aurata is known to reflect light with brilliant colors and a high degree of circular polarization. Both color and polarization effects originate from the beetles exoskeleton and have been attributed to a Bragg reflection of the incident light due to a twisted laminar structure. Our strategy for mimicking the optical properties of the Cetonia aurata was therefore to design and fabricate transparent, chiral films. A series of films with tailored transparent structures of helicoidal InxAl1-xN nanorods were grown on sapphire substrates using UHV magnetron sputtering. The value of x is tailored to gradually decrease from one side to the other in each nanorod normal to its growth direction. This introduces an in-plane anisotropy with different refractive indices in the direction of the gradient and perpendicular to it. By rotating the sample during film growth the in-plane optical axis will be rotated from bottom to top and thereby creating a chiral film. Based on Muellermatrix ellipsometry, optical modeling has been done suggesting that both the exoskeleton of Cetonia aurata and our artificial material can be modeled by an anisotropic film made up of a stack of thin layers, each one with its in-plane optical axis slightly rotated with respect to the previous layer. Simulations based on the optical modeling were used to investigate how pitch and thickness of the film together with the optical properties of the constitutive materials affects the width and spectral position of the Bragg reflection band.
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