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- Kellerman, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic resistance patterns in cervical microbes of gilts and sows
- 2022
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extenders for boar semen contain antibiotics, which may induce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in inseminated females. The objective was to investigate AMR of bacteria isolated from the cervix of sows and gilts in standing heat, representing females previously exposed to antibiotics in the semen extender and non-exposed females, respectively. Cervical swabs were taken from 30 multiparous sows and 30 gilts prior to their first insemination. After culturing on agar plates, bacterial isolates were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Differences in antibiotic resistance between sows and gilts were analyzed by Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test. Bacteria isolated were mostly Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. Higher MICs were observed for isolates from sows than from gilts. Most (>80%) Corynebacterium spp. were resistant to clindamycin; small numbers (<20%) were resistant to gentamicin, penicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin, with no differences between gilts and sows. Corynebacterium from gilts were more often resistant to tetracycline than those from sows (25% vs. 4.17%; p = 0.04). In conclusion, bacteria from the porcine cervix showed low resistance to most antibiotics except for clindamycin, but antibacterial resistance may increase with increasing parity.
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| 4. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI. - 2076-2615. ; 11:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple SummaryBacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, resulting in the appearance of infections that are difficult or impossible to treat. This ability enables bacteria to survive in hostile environments and can result from exposure to even small amounts of antibiotic substances. Bacteria are present in the reproductive tract of the horse; they can develop resistance to antibiotics, because the animal has been treated for an infection, or due to insemination with a semen dose that contains antibiotics. Bacteria colonize the membrane lining the male reproductive tract and are transferred to the semen during collection. They can cause sperm quality to deteriorate during storage or may cause an infection in the mare. Therefore, antibiotics are added to the semen dose, according to legislation. However, these antibiotics may contribute to the development of resistance. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections and where the sensitivity of the bacterium to the antibiotic has first been established. Therefore, adding antibiotics to semen extenders does not fit these recommendations. In this review, we examine the effects of bacteria in semen and in the inseminated mare, and possible alternatives to their use.Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level "background " exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.
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| 5. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares
- 2023
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Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-0817. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antimicrobials are added to semen extenders to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are transferred to the semen during collection. However, this non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials could contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the antibiotic susceptibility of vaginal microbiota after artificial insemination. Swabs were taken from the vagina of 26 mares immediately before artificial insemination and again 3 days later. Bacteria isolated from the vagina at both time points were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. In total, 32 bacterial species were identified. There were increases in the resistance of Escherichia coli to trimethoprim (p = 0.0006), chloramphenicol and (p = 0.012) tetracycline (p = 0.03) between day 0 and day 3. However, there was no significant effect of exposure to antibiotics in semen extenders with respect to the resistance of Staphylococcus simulans and Streptococcus equisimilis (p > 0.05). Whole-genome sequencing indicated that most phenotypic resistance was associated with genes for resistance. These results indicate that the resistance patterns of vaginal bacteria may be affected by exposure to antibiotics; therefore, it would be prudent to minimize, or preferably, avoid using antibiotics in semen extenders.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha
(författare)
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Antimicrobial resistance of the microbiota in the reproductive tract of horses in conjunction with assisted reproduction
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge exacerbated by antibiotic misuse and inadequate infection control. This study explores the effects of antibiotics in semen extenders on the vaginal bacteria of the mare and investigates the separation of spermatozoa from bacteria in seminal plasma as an alternative to adding antibiotics to semen extenders. In addition, it examines the diversity of the seminal microbiota in healthy stallions across different countries. Antimicrobial resistance was influenced by breeding status and age of the mare, as well as environmental factors such as housing and location, and exposure to antibiotics in semen extenders. There were geographic differences in the diversity of the seminal microbiota, with implications for tailored antibiotic use. While phylum level composition of seminal microbiota remains consistent, genus level variations may stem from husbandry or individual differences. Bacterial load could be reduced by Single Layer Centrifugation with a low density colloid, without compromising sperm quality. This method has potential for circumventing the need for antibiotics in semen extenders, although further research is needed to confirm sperm fertilizing capacity.
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| 8. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha, et al.
(författare)
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Bacteria in the healthy equine vagina during the estrous cycle
- 2024
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Ingår i: Theriogenology. - 0093-691X .- 1879-3231. ; 213, s. 11-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An understanding of the normal bacterial microbiota of any organ is essential to provide the background to conditions and interventions that might cause the microbiota to change. In the vagina of the mare, a change of bacterial microbiota could be induced by introduction of semen, treatment with antibiotics, discharge from an unhealthy uterus etc. Previous studies on equine vaginal bacteria are not all conducted in the same way and results are not altogether consistent. Therefore, this study was designed to provide a deeper understanding of the bacterial microbiota of the mare vagina, and possible changes throughout the estrous cycle. The cranial portion of the vagina was sampled on day 0 (ovulation), day 3, day 7, and day 14 of the estrous cycle. The vaginal sampling was conducted with double-guarded occluded swabs from the cranial floor of the vagina. Ovulation was determined by rectal palpation and ultrasonic examination, and the day 0 samples were taken within ±24 h of ovulation. Swabs were brought to the laboratory in Amies medium within 2–3 h and were plated out immediately on both selective and non-selective agars. Results were registered as amount of growth (qualitatively), bacterial species and number of isolates. Bacterial growth was highest on day 3 and 7, representing the beginning and middle of diestrus. The dominant bacteria were Escherichia coli and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Escherichia coli was especially dominant in maiden mares, compared to the mares that had foaled. An increase in bacterial diversity throughout the estrous cycle was observed, being highest on day 14. These results suggest that there are changes in the bacterial microbiota of the mare vagina throughout the normal estrous cycle.
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| 9. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial diversity in semen from stallions in three European countries evaluated by 16S sequencing
- 2024
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Ingår i: Veterinary Research Communications. - 0165-7380 .- 1573-7446. ; 48, s. 1409–1421-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microbiome plays a significant role in shaping the health and functioning of the systems it inhabits. The seminal microbiome of stallions has implications for the health of the reproductive tract, sperm quality during preservation and antibiotic use in semen extenders. Diverse bacteria are present on the external genital tract and a mix of commensal microorganisms populates various parts of the reproductive tract, influencing the seminal bacterial content. Other sources of bacteria include the environment, semen collection equipment, and personnel. The bacterial load can adversely affect sperm quality and fertility, particularly in artificial insemination, where semen is extended and stored before use. Antibiotics are frequently used to inhibit bacterial growth, but their effectiveness varies depending on the bacterial strains present. The aim of this study was to assess the bacterial diversity in semen from 37 healthy stallions across three European nations (Germany, Portugal, and Sweden) using 16S sequencing. Semen samples were collected from individual stallions at three AI centers; DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were performed. Differences in bacterial diversity among the stallions were seen; although bacterial phyla were shared across the regions, differences were observed at the genus level. Climate, husbandry practices, and individual variability likely contribute to these differences. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring antibiotic strategies for semen preservation based on regional bacterial profiles. The study presents a comprehensive approach to understanding the intricacies of the stallion seminal microbiome and its potential implications for reproductive technologies and animal health.
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