| 1. |
- Anthony, Kenneth R. N., et al.
(författare)
-
Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 21:1, s. 48-61
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local-scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio-economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience-Based management (ARBM) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press-type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse-type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on-the-ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services.
|
|
| 2. |
- Mangubhai, Sangeeta, et al.
(författare)
-
Phenotypic variation in the coral Platygyra daedalea in Kenya : morphometry and genetics
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 345, s. 105-115
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High intraspecific variability and lack of adequate field descriptions or distinguishing skeletal features has made identification of the scleractinian coral Platygyra daedalea challenging. This species displays a number of distinct morphological types that co-occur on lagoonal reefs in Kenya and which often cannot be separated by field observations. To better understand how morphological and genetic variations are related, morphometric and molecular techniques were used to examine phenotypic variation in P. daedalea. A canonical discriminant analysis of measurements of 10 skeletal characters confirmed the existence of 2 morphotypes. No single diagnostic trait could be used to distinguish the 2 morphotypes, though a combination of 4 characters separated them. A mathematical equation is presented to separate colonies into the 2 morphotypes, where field identification is not possible. Genetic differentiation was studied using 5 microsatellite loci and sequence analysis of the internal transcriber spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. AMOVA of the microsatellite and ITS sequence data showed significant genetic differences between the 2 morphotypes. However, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences showed no evidence of sequence divergence between morphotypes, which suggests that they share a gene pool, or that the genetic divergence is recent. We conclude that the occurrence of distinct morphotypes is a characteristic of P. daedalea and that there does appear to be a genetic basis for separating morphotypes. However, genetic differences in P. daedalea could only be detected when combined with morphometric data.
|
|
| 3. |
- Mcleod, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
The future of resilience-based management in coral reef ecosystems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 233, s. 291-301
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resilience underpins the sustainability of both ecological and social systems. Extensive loss of reef corals following recent mass bleaching events have challenged the notion that support of system resilience is a viable reef management strategy. While resilience-based management (RBM) cannot prevent the damaging effects of major disturbances, such as mass bleaching events, it can support natural processes that promote resistance and recovery. Here, we review the potential of RBM to help sustain coral reefs in the 21st century. We explore the scope for supporting resilience through existing management approaches and emerging technologies and discuss their opportunities and limitations in a changing climate. We argue that for RBM to be effective in a changing world, reef management strategies need to involve both existing and new interventions that together reduce stress, support the fitness of populations and species, and help people and economies to adapt to a highly altered ecosystem.
|
|
| 4. |
- Short, Rebecca E., et al.
(författare)
-
Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature Food. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-1355. ; 2:9, s. 733-741
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for -1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people-supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.
|
|
