| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Erba, P, et al.
(författare)
-
Regeneration potential and survival of transplanted undifferentiated adipose tissue-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve conduits
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-0539 .- 1748-6815. ; 63:12, s. e811-e817
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown potential for the treatment of nerve injuries. Most previous efforts have aimed at stimulating regeneration by using neural-differentiation protocols, but the potential of undifferentiated ADSCs to enhance axonal growth as well as their ability to transdifferentiate in situ have been poorly investigated. In this study, using a rat sciatic nerve model we show that ADSCs, transplanted in an artificial nerve conduit, stimulate axonal outgrowth from the proximal nerve stump and evoke greater Schwann cell (SC) proliferation/intrusion in the distal stump. To track the fate of the transplanted cells, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene in the donor male cells. Both methods indicated a lack of significant quantities of viable cells 14 days after transplantation. These results suggest that any regenerative effect of transplanted ADSCs is more likely to be mediated by an initial boost of released growth factors and/or by an indirect effect on endogenous SCs activity. Future studies need to address long-term cell survival in tissue-engineered nerve conduits to improve the neuroregenerative potential of ADSCs.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Kalbermatten, Daniel F, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fibrin matrix for suspension of regenerative cells in an artificial nerve conduit
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-0539 .- 1748-6815. ; 61:6, s. 669-675
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peripheral nerve injury presents with specific problems of neuronal reconstructions, and from a clinical viewpoint a tissue engineering approach would facilitate the process of repair and regeneration. We have previously used artificial nerve conduits made from bioresorbable poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in order to refine the ways in which peripheral nerves are repaired and reconnected to the target muscles and skin. The addition of Schwann cells (SC) or differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (dMSC) to the conduits enhances regeneration. In this study, we have used a matrix based on fibrin (Tisseel) to fill optimally the nerve-conduits with cells. In vitro analysis showed that both SC and MSC adhered significantly better to PHB in the presence of fibrin and cells continued to maintain their differentiated state. Cells were more optimally distributed throughout the conduit when seeded in fibrin than by delivery in growth medium alone. Transplantation of the nerve conduits in vivo showed that cells in combination with fibrin matrix significantly increased nerve regeneration distance (using PGP9.5 and S100 distal and proximal immunohistochemistry) when compared with empty PHB conduits. This study shows the beneficial combinatory effect of an optimised matrix, cells and conduit material as a step towards bridging nerve gaps which should ultimately lead to improved functional recovery following nerve injury.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kingham, Paul J, et al.
(författare)
-
Notch independent signalling mediates Schwann cell-like differentiation of adipose derived stem cells
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 467:2, s. 164-168
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adipose derived stem cells (ASC) differentiate into a Schwann cell (SC)-like phenotype but the signalling pathways mediating this are unknown. We hypothesised that notch might be involved, given its important role in regulating SC development. Rat ASC were differentiated using bFGF, PDGF, GGF-2 and forskolin. RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA for notch-1 and notch-2 receptors and the notch responsive gene, hes-1, were expressed throughout the differentiation process whereas jagged-1 a notch ligand, and the hey-1 gene were markedly down-regulated. In contrast delta-1 was up-regulated with differentiation and was strongly expressed by rat primary SC. Treatment of ASC with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-l-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a gamma-secretase inhibitor which blocks notch signalling, had no effect on up-regulation of SC proteins S100 or GFAP during differentiation. Furthermore, when co-cultured with NG108-15 neurons, differentiated ASC cultures treated in the absence or presence of DAPT enhanced neurite outgrowth to similar levels. Differentiated ASC expressed PMP-22 but P0 was only present when co-cultured with dorsal root ganglia neurons. DAPT did not affect the expression of these myelin proteins. Thus, ASC express components of the notch signalling pathway but our studies suggest notch is unlikely to play a role in the neurotrophic activity and myelination capability of ASC differentiated into SC-like cells.
|
|
| 6. |
- Kingham, Paul J, et al.
(författare)
-
Stem cell and neuron co-cultures for the study of nerve regeneration
- 2011
-
Ingår i: 3D Cell Culture. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781607619833 - 9781607619840 ; , s. 115-127
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many experimental in vivo studies have indicated that Schwann cells are key facilitators of peripheral nerve regeneration but their clinical therapeutic potential may be limited. Recent advances suggest that stem cell therapy could one day be used to treat nerve traumas. We have shown how adult stem cells can be differentiated into a Schwann cell phenotype, characterised by expression of glial cell proteins and promotion of neurite outgrowth. The development of new cell culture models which mimic the in vivo regeneration environment will help us to better understand the functional benefits of these cells. Here, we describe a stepwise approach towards this, moving from traditional two-dimensional non-contact co-cultures to new three-dimensional models utilising fibrin matrices.
|
|
| 7. |
- Leist, Marcel, et al.
(författare)
-
Adverse outcome pathways : opportunities, limitations and open questions
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Archives of Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-5761 .- 1432-0738. ; 91:11, s. 3477-3505
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are a recent toxicological construct that connects, in a formalized, transparent and quality-controlled way, mechanistic information to apical endpoints for regulatory purposes. AOP links a molecular initiating event (MIE) to the adverse outcome (AO) via key events (KE), in a way specified by key event erelationships (KER). Although this approach to formalize mechanistic toxicological information only started in 2010, over 200 AOPs have already been established. At this stage, new requirements arise, such as the need for harmonization and re-assessment, for continuous updating, as well as for alerting about pitfalls, misuses and limits of applicability. In this review, the history of the AOP concept and its most prominent strengths are discussed, including the advantages of a formalized approach, the systematic collection of weight of evidence, the linkage of mechanisms to apical end points, the examination of the plausibility of epidemiological data, the identification of critical knowledge gaps and the design of mechanistic test methods. To prepare the ground for a broadened and appropriate use of AOPs, some widespread misconceptions are explained. Moreover, potential weaknesses and shortcomings of the current AOP rule set are addressed (1) to facilitate the discussion on its further evolution and (2) to better define appropriate vs. less suitable application areas. Exemplary toxicological studies are presented to discuss the linearity assumptions of AOP, the management of event modifiers and compensatory mechanisms, and whether a separation of toxicodynamics from toxicokinetics including metabolism is possible in the framework of pathway plasticity. Suggestions on how to compromise between different needs of AOP stakeholders have been added. A clear definition of open questions and limitations is provided to encourage further progress in the field.
|
|
| 8. |
- Mantovani, Cristina, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Bone marrow- and adipose-derived stem cells show expression of myelin mRNAs and proteins
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Regenerative medicine. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-076X .- 1746-0751. ; 5:3, s. 403-410
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: PNS myelin is formed by Schwann cells (SCs). In this study, we applied an in vitro model to study myelin formation, using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells differentiated into SC-like cells and co-cultured with dissociated adult dorsal root ganglia neurons. Methods: Immunocytochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting techniques were used to investigate the expression of myelin proteins at both the transcriptional and translational level. Results: Transcripts for protein zero, peripheral myelin protein 22 and myelin basic protein were detected in differentiated stem cells following co-culture with neuronal cells. Furthermore, protein zero, peripheral myelin protein 22 and myelin basic proteins were recognized in the co-cultures. These results were consistent with immunostaining of myelin proteins and with observation by electron microscopy. Conclusion: Both types of adult stems cells differentiated into SC-like cells have potential to myelinate neuronal cells during regeneration, being functionally identical to SCs of the PNS.
|
|
| 9. |
- Mantovani, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Morphological, molecular and functional differences of adult bone marrow- and adipose-derived stem cells isolated from rats of different ages
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 318:16, s. 2034-2048
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adult mesenchymal stem cells have self-renewal and multiple differentiation potentials, and play important roles in regenerative medicine. However, their use may be limited by senescence or age of the donor, leading to changes in stem cell functionality. We investigated morphological, molecular and functional differences between bone marrow-derived (MSC) and adipose-derived (ASC) stem cells isolated from neonatal, young and old rats compared to Schwann cells from the same animals. Immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, proliferation assays, western blotting and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate expression of senescence markers. Undifferentiated and differentiated ASC and MSC from animals of different ages expressed Notch-2 at similar levels; protein-38 and protein-53 were present in all groups of cells with a trend towards increased levels in cells from older animals compared to those from neonatal and young rats. Following co-culture with adult neuronal cells, dMSC and dASC from animals of all ages elicited robust neurite outgrowth. Mitotracker (R) staining was consistent with ultrastructural changes seen in the mitochondria of cells from old rats, indicative of senescence. In conclusion, this study showed that although the cells from aged animals expressed markers of senescence, aged MSC and ASC differentiated into SC-like cells still retain potential to support axon regeneration.
|
|
| 10. |
- Mantovani, Maria Cristina, 1974-
(författare)
-
Schwann cells and mesenchymal stem cells as promoter of peripheral nerve regeneration
- 2011
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transplantation of primary Schwann cells (SC) has been shown to improve nerve regeneration. However, to monitor the survival of transplanted cells within the host, a stable labelling method is required. The in vitro characteristics of green fluorescent protein labelled SC (GFP SC) and their effects in an in vivo peripheral nerve injury model were investigated. The GFP-SC were readily visualised ex vivo and stimulated significantly better axonal regeneration compared to controls. Clinical use of autologous SC for the treatment of nerve injuries is of limited use due to difficulty in obtaining clinically useful numbers. However, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can trans-differentiate into SC like cells (dMSC). The in vitro and in vivo differentiation of MSC was explored, and the study extended to include the easily-accessible adipose stem cells (ASC). In vitro, glial growth factor stimulated MSC express S100, a SC marker, and its expression is maintained following in vivo transplantation. Similarly, untreated MSC transplanted in vivo also expressed S100, which indicates glial differentiation in response to local cytokines and growth factors. Using an in vitro model, comprising dMSC or dASC co-cultured with adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, the capacity of the dMSC and SC like differentiated ASC (dASC) to promote axon myelination was verified: both cell types expressed transcripts for protein zero, peripheral myelin protein-22 and myelin basic protein.The potential of stem cells in nerve repair may be limited by innate cellular senescence or donor age affecting cell functionality thus it was essential to determine the effects of donor age on morphology and functionality of stem cells. The proliferation rates, expression of senescence markers (p38 and p53) and the stimulation of neurite outgrowth from DRG neurons by stem cells isolated from neonatal, young or old rats were very similar. However, the distribution and ultrastructure of mitochondria in dMSC and dASC from young and old rats were quite different, and seem to indicate physiological senescence of the aged cells. Given the wide-ranging influence of Notch signalling in cell differentiation, including the neural crest to a glial cell type switch, and self-renewal in mammals, its role in the differentiation of stem cells to SC was investigated. The mRNA for notch-1 and -2 receptors were expressed in the dASC, blockage of notch signaling did not affect the neurotrophic and myelination potential of dASC. In conclusion, these findings show that GFP labelling has no deleterious effect on SC survival and function. MSC and ASC differentiated into glial-type cells acquire SC morphology, and express characteristic SC markers, and the differentiation process was independent of the Notch signaling pathway. Also, following transplantation into a nerve gap injury dMSC improve regeneration. This study established that following co-culture with DRG neurons, dMSC and dASC were able to express peripheral myelin proteins. Also, the functional bioactivity of these cells is independent of the donor animal age. Finally, although the glial lineage differentiated aged cells characterized in this study expressed markers typical of senescence they retained the potential to support axon regeneration.
|
|
