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| 2. |
- Arshamian, Artin, et al.
(författare)
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A mammalian blood odor component serves as an approach-avoidance cue across phylum border - from flies to humans
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemosignals are used by predators to localize prey and by prey to avoid predators. These cues vary between species, but the odor of blood seems to be an exception and suggests the presence of an evolutionarily conserved chemosensory cue within the blood odor mixture. A blood odor component, E2D, has been shown to trigger approach responses identical to those triggered by the full blood odor in mammalian carnivores and as such, is a key candidate as a food/alarm cue in blood. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrate that E2D holds the dual function of affecting both approach and avoidance behavior in a predator-prey predicted manner. E2D evokes approach responses in two taxonomically distant blood-seeking predators, Stable fly and Wolf, while evoking avoidance responses in the prey species Mouse. We extend this by demonstrating that this chemical cue is preserved in humans as well; E2D induces postural avoidance, increases physiological arousal, and enhances visual perception of affective stimuli. This is the first demonstration of a single chemical cue with the dual function of guiding both approach and avoidance in a predator-prey predicted manner across taxonomically distant species, as well as the first known chemosignal that affects both human and non-human animals alike.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson, Erik Marcus Kristian, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Heat integration opportunities in average Scandinavian kraft pulp mills: Pinch analyses of model mills
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. ; 21:4, s. 466-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the FRAM programme, two models of average Scandinavian mills producing bleached market pulp have been analysed from an energy perspective. The aim was to explore the opportunities for heat integration in order to create a steam surplus. The steam surplus gives opportunities for increased power generation or lignin extraction. The technical and economic consequences of using the steam surplus in this way are explored in a continuation of this project.Two different approaches for creating a steam surplus havebeen investigated: 1) conventional measures and 2) processintegrated evaporation (PIvap). The former approach includes improved heat integration and new equipment. The latter approach means that excess heat from the mill is used for evaporation to partly replace live steam.The two model mills created within FRAM both produce 1000 ADt/d softwood pulp. The mills differ in the level of waterusage, since it is expected that the amount of excess heat for PIvap will increase with decreasing water usage.By investing 11 M€ in conventional measures it is possible to create a steam surplus of 53 MW (about 26% of the total consumption), independent of the level of water usage. For the PIvap approach, the level of water usage matters, since there is more excess heat for PIvap in the mill with lower water usage.As a result, the total steam surplus with the PIvap approach differs in the two mills: up to 52 and 56 MW, respectively. Hence, the steam savings for the PIvap approach are similar to those in the approach with conventional measures; and so are the investments needed (10-12 M€). Even though the two approachesgive approximately the same savings with the same investment, the PIvap approach might be easier to implement in an existing mill.
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| 4. |
- Axelsson, Erik Marcus Kristian, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Increased capacity in kraft pulp mills: Lignin separation and reduced steam demand compared with recovery boiler upgrade
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 21:4, s. 485-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For increased production in pulp mills, the recoveryboiler is often a bottleneck. Two different approaches todebottleneck the recovery boiler have been investigated in twomodel mills that represent typical Scandinavian pulp mills. As areference approach, the recovery boiler was upgraded. Inconnection with this, the turbine system was also upgraded toenable increased electricity production. As an alternative to thisconventional approach, the load of the boiler was kept constantby extracting lignin from the black liquor in proportion to theproduction increase. To keep the steam balance, the specificsteam consumption at the mill was reduced through steamsavingmeasures to such an extent that the amount of steamproduced from burning the lignin-lean black liquor was sufficient.Consequently, the extracted lignin was not needed in-houseand could be sold as a biofuel. The net profit of implementinglignin separation was calculated for different conditions. Theresult was that, depending on the conditions, the lignin pricehad to be 2-17 /MWh for lignin separation to be equallyprofitable as boiler upgrade. With an assumed lignin price ofabout 15 /MWh, the conclusion is that lignin separationshould be an economically attractive alternative for debottleneckingthe recovery boiler. With a high power price and along-term investment strategy, however, upgrading the recoveryboiler and the turbine system can be more profitable.
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| 5. |
- Axelsson, Erik Marcus Kristian, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities for Process Integrated Evaporation in a Eucalyptus Pulp Mill and Comparison with a Softwood Mill Study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Conference PRES 07, Ischia Island, Italy. ; , s. 727-732
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant energy savings can be made in the pulp and paper industry by implementing process-integrated evaporation (PIvap). The concept of PIvap has been evaluated for a Eucalyptus mill producing bleached kraft market pulp in Portugal and the results were compared to the ones from an earlier model mill study of a soft wood mill. In the eucalyptus mill there were, theoretically, 0.86 GJ/ADt of excess heat suitable for a PIvap besides the 2.6 GJ/ADt of pinch violations. The pinch violations could be transferred to excess heat, but some pinch violations were cost effective to solve. A suggestion where 1.1 GJ/ADt of pinch violations are solved and 1.6 GJ/ADt of excess heat are extracted is presented. If the excess heat is used in a 7 effect PIvap with integrated stripper and increased dry solids content, steam savings of 2.7 GJ/ADt could be made in the evaporation plant. Together with the pinch violations and opportunities for improved soot blowing, the total steam savings from the suggested measures were 4.5 GJ/ADt or 35%. The amount of steam savings and associated costs were similar to the ones in the soft-wood model-mill. Hence, no significant differences could be found for the opportunities to implement PIvap in the hardwood mill compared to in the soft wood mill. The existence of a pre-evaporation plant, however, showed to hinder introduction of PIvap, since a pre-evaporation plant uses excess heat, and uses it ineffectively compared to a PIvap. Hence, the pre-evaporation has been removed in the suggestion for integration presented here.
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| 6. |
- Axelsson, Erik Marcus Kristian, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities for process-integrated evaporation in a hardwood pulp mill and comparison with a softwood model mill study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311. ; 28:16, s. 2100-2107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant energy savings can be made in the pulp and paper industry by implementing process-integrated evaporation (PIvap). The aim of this paper was to evaluate the concept of PIvap for a existing hardwood mill producing kraft pulp and compare the results with the ones from an earlier study of a softwood model mill. Using pinch tools, we found a solution where 1.3 GJ/ADt of pinch violations are solved and 1.1 GJ/ADt of excess heat is extracted. If the excess heat is used in an efficient PIvap, steam savings of 2.7 GJ/ADt could be made in the evaporation plant. Together with the pinch violations and improved soot blowing, the total steam savings were 4.6 GJ/ADt or 36% for an investment cost of 6.6 M€. Compared with the softwood model mill, the configuration of the hardwood mill offered about the same savings with 2.7 M€ lower investment cost, making PIvap more interesting in the hardwood mill. As an alternative to implementing PIvap, more pinch violations can be solved. The PIvap approach gives more steam savings to approximately the same specific cost.
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| 9. |
- Bräutigam, Marcus, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Swedish winter oat with gene technology and molecular breeding
- 2006
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Ingår i: J. Seed Science. - 0039-6990. ; 116:1-2, s. 12-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, oat (Avena sativa) is only grown as a spring crop. A Swedish winter oat, on the other hand, would give increased yields and would secure oat in Swedish agriculture. During three consecutive winters we performed field trials with oat aiming at identifying potential winter material. More than 300 varieties, originating from breeding programs all over the world, were tested. Plants were rated according to winter survival, vigour and general performance during the following growth season and more than 20 lines were identified that were cold hardier than present commercial oat varieties. In parallel experiments a cDNA library was constructed from cold induced English winter oat (Gerald) and ca 10000 EST sequences were generated. After data mining a UniGene set of 2800 oat genes was obtained. By detailed analysis of microarray data from cold stressed Arabidopsis and by advanced bioinformatics, gene interactions in the complex cold induced signal transduction pathway were deduced. By comparison to the oat UniGene set, several genes potentially involved in the regulation of cold hardiness in oat were identified. An Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol was developed for one oat genotype. Key regulatory genes in cold acclimation will be introduced to oat by genetic transformation or modified by TILLING. Such genes will be used as molecular markers in intogression of winter hardiness to commercial oat.
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| 10. |
- Bräutigam, Marcus, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Generation and analysis of 9792 EST sequences from cold acclimated oat, Avena sativa
- 2005
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Ingår i: BMC Plant Biol. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2229. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Oat is an important crop in North America and northern Europe. In Scandinavia, yields are limited by the fact that oat cannot be used as a winter crop. In order to develop such a crop, more knowledge about mechanisms of cold tolerance in oat is required. RESULTS: From an oat cDNA library 9792 single-pass EST sequences were obtained. The library was prepared from pooled RNA samples isolated from leaves of four-week old Avena sativa (oat) plants incubated at +4 degrees C for 4, 8, 16 and 32 hours. Exclusion of sequences shorter than 100 bp resulted in 8508 high-quality ESTs with a mean length of 710.7 bp. Clustering and assembly identified a set of 2800 different transcripts denoted the Avena sativa cold induced UniGene set (AsCIUniGene set). Taking advantage of various tools and databases, putative functions were assigned to 1620 (58%) of these genes. Of the remaining 1180 unclassified sequences, 427 appeared to be oat-specific since they lacked any significant sequence similarity (Blast E values > 10(-10)) to any sequence available in the public databases. Of the 2800 UniGene sequences, 398 displayed significant homology (BlastX E values < or = 10(-10)) to genes previously reported to be involved in cold stress related processes. 107 novel oat transcription factors were also identified, out of which 51 were similar to genes previously shown to be cold induced. The CBF transcription factors have a major role in regulating cold acclimation. Four oat CBF sequences were found, belonging to the monocot cluster of DREB family ERF/AP2 domain proteins. Finally in the total EST sequence data (5.3 Mbp) approximately 400 potential SSRs were found, a frequency similar to what has previously been identified in Arabidopsis ESTs. CONCLUSION: The AsCIUniGene set will now be used to fabricate an oat biochip, to perform various expression studies with different oat cultivars incubated at varying temperatures, to generate molecular markers and provide tools for various genetic transformation experiments in oat. This will lead to a better understanding of the cellular biology of this important crop and will open up new ways to improve its agronomical properties.
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