| 1. |
- Dyrset, Guri, et al.
(författare)
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Local knowledge, social identity and conflicts around traditional marine salmon fisheries – A case from Mid‐Norway
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fisheries Management and Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0969-997X .- 1365-2400. ; 29:2, s. 131-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural and cultural diversity is gaining wider global recognition as the key to sustainable development. This article looks at the challenges of conserving marine biocultural diversity by investigating the unique heritage of marine salmon fisheries througha case study of a small group of marine fisheries in Norway, still fishing for Atlanticsalmon Salmo salar L. Tight relationships between declining natural resources anddaily struggles to keep cultural heritage alive are highlighted through theoretical perspectives of social identity and local ecological knowledge. The theoretical lens ofsocial identity contributes to better understanding tensions between scientific andlocal knowledge by bringing forward social categorisation, polarisation and power relations as drivers of conflicts. Involvement of local communities and respect for theircultural heritage, knowledge and practices can assist in more effective managementand governance of multifunctional biocultural landscapes, and contribute to their resilience and adaptability.
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| 2. |
- Fredman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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20 years of Nordic nature-based tourism research : a review and future research agenda
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 21:1, s. 14-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a review of research in nature-based tourism in the Nordic region, discuss it from an international viewpoint and provide an outlook for the future research agenda. To do this, we analyze the Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism for papers focusing on nature-based tourism from 2010 to 2020, as well as 29 key textbooks representing international scholarship within the last decade. We argue there has been an increase in the number of studies looking at nature-based tourism from the supply side, especially about destination development, lifestyle entrepreneurship and the role of guides. We also notice that many research questions are raised from practical needs, while more theoretically oriented research is rather limited. The international call for new, bold theoretical outlooks, the need to reimagine and fundamentally transform human-nature relationships towards sustainability and co-existence remains relevant for the Nordic context in the future.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Fredman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Supply of Nature-based Tourism in Sweden : A National Inventory of Service Providers
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides a descriptive overview of a national inventory of nature-based tourism (NBT) service providers in Sweden. In order to obtain a representative sample a “geographical distribution” approach was used based on the cooperation of regional tourist bureaus. As a result, contact information of 2060 service providers was received. Following two non-response check-ups and a screening question the effective sample was 1821 NBT service providers (referred to as “companies”) and a follow-up web survey resulted in 648 valid responses. Results from the survey are reported under the following themes: Business operations; Seasonality and geographical distribution; Influence of other land users; The role of National Parks; Nature and wildlife; Infrastructure, access and legal rights; Environmental responsibility; Sales and costs; Employment; The market for nature-based tourism and Networking. Open ended questions are reported in the Appendices. Among the many results presented in the report we like to highlight the following; The general impression from the results is that NBT is a rather diversified sector which relies on multiple business operations. Only about 20 % of the companies have one hundred percent of their annual sales from NBT. The supply of NBT in Sweden circles around different types of water based activities to a large extent when measured vis-à-vis importance to annual sales. It is also a summer business – between 60-80 % of all respondents ranked the months June-September as the most important season. Guided activities in nature and accommodation are ranked as the most important business activities while fishing, kayaking, canoeing and/or rafting are the most important recreation activities. Future growth of the Swedish NBT sector is likely. While 37 % of the companies classified themselves as being in a growth phase and 6 % in start-up, only 8 % were in recession and 2 % in liquidation. The counties in Sweden having the highest absolute number of NBT service providers are Västra Götaland, Norrbotten, Jämtland and Östergötland. The majority of the companies are dependent on access to land with an external ownership. The freedom to roam in nature is very important to three-quarters of all respondents while only four percent think this opportunity is of no importance at all. Hiking trails and cabins are the most important types of infrastructure. Three most important nature environments for NBT operations in Sweden are forests, lakes, rivers and waterfalls. Hydroelectric dams, wind power plants and forestry are among the land and water uses which are the most negative to the companies in this study. Between 5-15 % of all NBT companies in this study are engaged in environmental responsibility programs such as sustainability reporting, CSR or carbon offsetting measures. Looking at the importance of different wildlife we find that fish, birds and moose are the most important. Only about 14 % of the companies report activities within or in the 5 km range from a National Park. The average annual sale is close to 2 million SEK among the companies in this study and the total sales of the Swedish NBT sector is estimated as at least 3,6 Billion SEK. There are a small number of large and a large number of small NBT service providers in terms of annual sales. Just over 60 % of the companies reports at least one full time year round employment while 40 % have at least one part time year round employment working with NBT operations. Most employees are from the county where the company is registered. About one in five companies have employees from other counties in Sweden outside the county where the company is registered while 15 % of the companies report employees from other countries than Sweden. Majority of the sales are from the private market segment. On average, about 14 % of the companies report heavy reliance (proportion of 80-100%) on customers from the same county where the company is registered. In contrast, only about 5 % report the same reliance on customers from Sweden outside the county where the company is registered. Finally, 17 % report similar proportion of customers from countries other than Sweden (international customers). Besides Sweden the most important foreign markets are Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway. Only a few percent of the companies report more distant markets such as Asia or the USA. Around 22 % of the companies cooperate with the Swedish Ecotourism Association (Svenska ekoturismföreningen), the Federation of Swedish Farmers (LRF) and the Swedish Tourism Association (STF) respectively. It is less common to be affiliated with the Swedish hospitality industry (Visita) or a forest owner association. Almost half of all respondents were working in another non-service company immediately prior to starting/getting employed by the current NBT company. Only one third worked in another service or tourist company. 39 % of all respondents have at least one year of experience from the NBT sector before they started the company or became an employee of the company where they currently work.
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| 5. |
- Godtman Kling, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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(In) equality in the outdoors : gender perspective on recreation and tourism media in the Swedish mountains
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates participation and visibility of women in outdoor recreation, by looking at the case of mountain areas in Sweden. We examined gender differences in participation in various outdoor recreation and tourism activities in the Swedish mountain region, and how these activities are portrayed from a gender perspective on the websites of five major tourist destinations. Investigating participation in outdoor recreation from a gender perspective is important, as spending time in nature has been linked to better health and well-being. It can therefore be argued that if men have better opportunities and more encouragement to participate in nature-based activities, women risk exclusion from important elements connected to quality of life.Remote mountain areas and Northern landscapes have traditionally been imagined and marketed as wild and untamed and, thus, oriented towards the male tourist gaze. Tourist activities such as shopping, spa, spending time with family are however, most often marketed towards women, perpetuating stereotypes of beauty, motherhood and care in leisure. In order to better understand and possibly counteract persistent gender norms in participation and representation of outdoor recreation, an analysis of tourist media visualizations becomes particularly relevant.This study aims to contribute to the research on gender representations in tourism media by focusing on promotional images of mountain destinations, grounded in statistical data on outdoor recreation participation in Sweden. The study adopts a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data analysis aims to find out if there are gender differences in the modes of participation in outdoor recreation among the Swedish population, based on a national survey. The qualitative analysis of images in tourism websites aims to understand how outdoor recreation is represented in promotional media from a gender perspective. The results from both data sources are subsequently integrated.Results from the quantitative analysis show statistically significant association between gender and type of outdoor activity in a number of the activities included in the survey. Results from the qualitative image analysis revealed that traditional gender norms were present in the website images, such as portraying women in calm environments and men in action-filled environments. Women were also more often portrayed as passive landscape admirers. Findings also show connections between activity participation and gender display, as, for example, significantly more men were engaged in mountain biking, and more men were portrayed participating in this activity.Persistence of gender norms in the outdoors is problematic on several levels. Perpetuating women’s roles as passive participants undermines their aspirations for leadership positions in the outdoor context and reinforce the notion of women as outsiders in this environment. Moreover, portraying men as adrenaline-seeking adventurers place exaggerated expectations on men as conquers of the outdoors. Stereotypical display of outdoor recreation activities can therefore be argued to negatively affect both women’s and men’s relationship with the outdoors, as it can limit both genders in their choice of activity.
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| 6. |
- Godtman Kling, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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(In) equality in the outdoors : gender perspective on recreation and tourism media in the Swedish mountains
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Issues in Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1368-3500 .- 1747-7603. ; 23:2, s. 233-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines gender differences in participation in various outdoor recreation and tourism activities in the Swedish mountain region, and how these activities are portrayed from a gender perspective on the websites of five major tourist destinations. Spending time in nature has been linked to better health and well-being, and this article contributes to research on the unequal opportunities women and men have in taking part of such advantages. Results show that there is a gender difference in both participation and in representation of outdoor recreation. The observed gender difference is not only in line with the traditional heteronormativity but also suggests that new trends in outdoor recreation are further favoring traditionally masculine modes of engagement with nature. This suggests the need for re-thinking not only gender norms but also human relationships with nature in general.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Laven, Daniel, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Building the slow adventure brand in the northern periphery
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Nordic Wave in Place Branding. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 978 1 78897 431 8 - 9781788974325 ; , s. 76-90
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter introduces the SAINT project and the slow adventure concept. The core pillars of the ‘slow adventure’ brand include elements such as human-powered slow journeys, inspiring connectedness with nature, wildlife watching opportunities, nature interpretation, local, wild or slow food as well as the honing of outdoor skills. These core pillars (or themes) are highly relevant to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in the SAINT project and constitute the essence of ‘slow adventure’ as a product concept. Typical nature-based activities available across the project area include expeditions into nature, overnight stays combined with nature experiences, wildlife viewing, hiking, recreational kayaking, canoeing and rowing, outdoor photography, as well as slow cooking and foraging. Most importantly, the ‘slow adventure’ product concept shapes the marketing message of the transnational cluster and brand, which companies can use to develop their product and reach the market. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of these marketing and cluster activities within the Nordic tourism context.
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| 9. |
- Laven, Daniel, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Building the slow adventure brand in the northern periphery
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Slow Adventure in Northern Territories (SAINT)1 project was designed to improve the promotion of slow adventure activities, extend the marketing reach of SMEs that deliver slow adventure experiences, and advance the development of a trans-national slow adventure brand. SAINT was a three-year effort (2015-2018) that was co-financed by the EU Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme and included 11 different partners located in 7 countries of Northern Europe (Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden). The project draws directly from Semple and Varley’s (2015) concept of slow adventure, which is partially rooted in Nordic concepts of sustainable outdoor recreation (e.g., friluftsliv). The core pillars of the slow adventure brand include such elements of sustainable tourism as human-powered slow journeys, inspiring connectedness with nature, wildlife watching opportunities, nature interpretation, local, wild or slow food as well as the honing of outdoor skills. These core pillars (or themes) were highly relevant to SMEs involved in the SAINT project and constituted the essence of slow adventure as a product concept.In our contribution we introduce the SAINT project and the slow adventure concept, followed by reporting on the empirical component of the project, which included a survey among the providers, as well as implementation case studies in each of the participating countries. Results from the survey and case studies provide insight into the ways that SME ́s form clusters in order to market and deliver a full range of slow adventure experiences, and ultimately, build the slow adventure brand. We conclude by discussing the implications of these marketing and cluster activities within the Nordic tourism context. Our paper is based on the chapter contribution to an upcoming book by Cassinger, C., Lucarelli, A. & Gyimóthy, Sz. (Eds.). The Nordic Wave in Place Branding. Edward Elgar.
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| 10. |
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