| 1. |
- Saarnio, Ville K., et al.
(författare)
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Development of functionalized SYBR green II related cyanine dyes for viral RNA detection
- 2020
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Ingår i: Dyes and Pigments. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-7208 .- 1873-3743. ; 177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorescent probes for sensing nucleic acids have found widespread use in the field of cell and molecular biology. However, probes combined with potential for post-synthetic conjugation, e.g. for intra-endosomal measurements of RNA, are unavailable. Herein we developed cyanine dyes that can be conjugated to viral capsid or other targets. First, we solved the crystal structure of SYBR Green II. The structural elucidation of this commonly used RNA probe provided the basis for synthesizing similar molecules with much desired function for post-synthetic conjugation. To address this need, cyanine dyes were prepared using an alternative synthesis protocol. All studied compounds showed considerable brightness upon binding to nucleic acids. However, regardless of the common chromophore on the dyes, the observed fluorescence emission intensities varied significantly, where methyl-substituted dye 1 gave values higher than SYBR Green II, whereas compounds 2–5 containing undecyl spacers had lower values. Studying the structure-activity relationship revealed the longer alkyl chains to induce slight perturbation in dye intercalation, as well as demand larger binding area on the nucleic acid lattice, explaining these differences. To study the potential biological use of the dyes, the RNA genome of enterovirus echovirus 1 was studied in vitro with the probes. A novel method employing the low binding space requirement of 1 was developed to determine the single-to-double-stranded RNA ratio of a sample, whereas compound 4 was covalently bound to the viral capsid and used successfully to monitor the viral RNA release from within the capsid. The presented results open new possibilities for preparation and use of SYBR Green-based nucleic acid probes to further apply these compounds for increasingly demanding targeting in biological contexts.
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| 2. |
- Shroff, Sailee, et al.
(författare)
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Tree Species-Dependent Inactivation of Coronaviruses and Enteroviruses on Solid Wood Surfaces
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 16:23, s. 29621-29633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing challenge of viral transmission, exemplified by the Covid pandemic and recurrent viral outbreaks, necessitates the exploration of sustainable antiviral solutions. This study investigates the underexplored antiviral potential of wooden surfaces. We evaluated the antiviral efficacy of various wood types, including coniferous and deciduous trees, against enveloped coronaviruses and nonenveloped enteroviruses like coxsackie virus A9. Our findings revealed excellent antiviral activity manifesting already within 10 to 15 min in Scots pine and Norway spruce, particularly against enveloped viruses. In contrast, other hardwoods displayed varied efficacy, with oak showing effectiveness against the enterovirus. This antiviral activity was consistently observed across a spectrum of humidity levels (20 to 90 RH%), while the antiviral efficacy manifested itself more rapidly at 37 degrees C vs 21 degrees C. Key to our findings is the chemical composition of these woods. Resin acids and terpenes were prevalent in pine and spruce, correlating with their antiviral performance, while oak's high phenolic content mirrored its efficacy against enterovirus. The pine surface absorbed a higher fraction of the coronavirus in contrast to oak, whereas enteroviruses were not absorbed on those surfaces. Thermal treatment of wood or mixing wood with plastic, such as in wood-plastic composites, strongly compromised the antiviral functionality of wood materials. This study highlights the role of bioactive chemicals in the antiviral action of wood and opens new avenues for employing wood surfaces as a natural and sustainable barrier against viral transmissions.
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