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- Markhede, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Positioning Analysis : social structures in configurative modelling
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sixth International Space Syntax Symposium. - Istanbul : ITU Faculty of Architecture. - 9789755613055 ; , s. 069:1-069:14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most common way to model space syntax is to use an even distribution of lines or isovists. In positioning analysis, an uneven distribution of isovists is used in order to integrate social structures into the spatial analysis. These models can be used to analyse spaces highly influenced by social or cultural organisations. In offices, organisational structures can produce a constant bias in patterns of, for example, face-to-face interaction. Furthermore, labelling space according to organisational structure has sometimes been found to be as powerful a barrier as physical walls. In this study, these ‘constant biases’ are treated as being more important as origins rather than as mere biases. Positioning analysis is based on examination of spatial configuration of selected positions that enable these biases to be turned into parts of the analytic model. The selected positions should represent the organised entity of interest and form a subset within the general integration model. This set of points can be analysed configurationally through their spatial relationships, which can then be used together with traditional space syntax models. Thus the subset is described both from internal and external relationships, a fruitful approach in many cases. Applying this methodology when analysing face-to-face interaction in offices has provided strong correlations, which have produced two interesting results: face-to-face interaction correlates both with subsets of spatial distribution and with the integration patterns within the subset. At the same time, our analyses of how department stores and libraries spatially organise commodities and categories provide further support for how an analysis of spatial positioning answers key spatial strategy questions. Brands, types, and other categories position themselves in relation to one another as well as to a general integration and control patterns using modulations of a small set of spatial relations. Basing the configurative models on spatial relations of categories rather than on general spatial relations of an evenly distributed grid provides remarkably clear information. These findings are used to argue for working with positioning analysis parallel to traditional space syntax analysis, especially regarding examining spaces that are highly influenced by social or cultural organisation, such as offices, department stores, libraries, and museums.
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- Markhede, Henrik, 1972-
(författare)
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Spatial positioning : method development for spatial analysis of interaction in buildings
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In offices, knowledge sharing largely depends on everyday face-to-face interaction patterns. These interaction patterns may depend on how employees move through the office space. This thesis explores how these spatial relations influence individual choices with respect to employee movements or routes. Space syntax related research has shown a strong relationship between spatial configuration and pedestrian movement in cities, yet field of space syntax has not applied spatial analysis to the office environment. Although several many space syntax researchers have suggested a connection between spatial configuration of offices and movement patterns of employees, no studies have developed methods to address this issue specifically. Our initial results suggest that organizational borders sometimes work as well as walls regarding movement related to face-to-face interaction in offices. This has led us to perform analysis using occupied spatial positions as a complement to the regular space syntax analysis. Using spatial positioning analysis, we incorporate organizational aspects into space syntax analysis and shift focus from analysis of movement to analysis of interaction. Our papers develop both observational methods and software for spatial modelling. We conclude that rational choice theory and actor network theory can provide useful conceptions and models for how to perform spatial analysis of interactions. Future research should focus on software development and new interpretations related to rational choice, actor networks, and symbolic interactionism.
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- Markhede, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Positioning Tool : Background, prototype software and some correlation data
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Space Syntax. - London : UCL. - 2044-7507. ; 1:1, s. 149-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial Positioning Tool (SPOT) is an isovist-based spatial analysis software written in Java that works as a stand-alone program. SPOT differs from regular Space syntax software as it can produce integration graphs and intervisibility graphs from a selection of positions. SPOT was originally developed for a series of field studies on building interiors highly influenced by organizations and social groups. These studies needed a tool that could produce graphs using a specific position as starting point for the isovists. Now, we have developed SPOT as in several steps, although this paper focuses mainly on the first iteration. In this version, basic SPOT operations use selected positions to create isovist sets. The sets can be colour-coded and layered; the layers can be activated and made visible by being turned on or off. At this point, there are two graphs produced in SPOT, the isovist overlap graph that shows intervisibility between overlapping isovist fields and the network integration analysis built on visibility relations. The graphs for correlation studies are made using workstations as the origins for the isovists. We use data from an office case study regarding face-to-face interaction. The software aims to be used as a fast and interactive sketch tool as well as a precise analysis tool. Data, images, and diagrams can be exported for use in conjunction with other CAD or illustration programs. The first stage of development is to have a functioning prototype with the implementation of all the basic algorithms and a minimal basic functionality with respect to user interaction. We will also briefly discuss recent developments of SPOT, and we furthermore provide a theoretical background for its development.
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- Steen, Jesper, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing Open Space Offices
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings for Trondheim International Symposium CIB W70.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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- Steen, Jesper, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Creativity demands new office designs
- 2008
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Ingår i: CIB W70 International Symposium. ; , s. 313-320
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to present results of how spatial and social/work configurations interact and impact on knowledge development and creativity in office activities. In our latest study the subjects logged their interaction on a floor plan, which in combination with space syntax analysis, social network analysis and data from observations and questionnaires, gives more insight into the interaction pattern. 95 percent of all interaction within the sample company with an open plan office, occurred between colleagues within the same department. We conclude that with regard to noise disturbance, for those who manage what we call long questions, open spaces can be an obstacle. For those engaged in short questions noise disturbance in the open office situation is however offset by its positive aspects. Creativity however is dependent on good conditions for both managing long questions, and horizontal interaction across borders within the organisation.
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- Steen, Jesper, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial and social configurations in offices
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Space syntax. - London : UCL. - 2044-7507. ; 1:1, s. 121-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The strength of space syntax is the potential to describe the interplay between spatial configurationand social behaviour; however, there are some important differences between the space syntax foundon the urban level and on the building level. In studies of offices, we have found that integrationvalues do not explain the pattern of movements and the positions of interaction. The average interactionfrequency is just the same for workstations in different positions and in different office conceptsdespite the fact that many “spontaneous” interactions occur when people pass workstations. Althoughthere are some spatial explanations for this homogeneity (the studied offices are shallow systems bothwhen it comes to cellular and to open plan offices), interaction follows organisational borders in anopen plan office as these borders act as if they were walls: almost no interaction crosses the departmentborders in spite of some units being spatially well-integrated. Obviously, the spatial influence inthese offices is weak when it comes to encouraging spontaneous interaction across organisationalborders. In fact, much of the so-called spontaneous interaction is programmed, even if it is not scheduled.Clearly, visibility is important for social behaviour; we found that office workers have mostfrequent interaction with nearby and visible co-workers. To some extent, this is an effect of placingpeople according to the organisation scheme, but still - as we know that work processes in offices arelargely formed by context, so this “use” of the neighbours is also an effect of seeing each other everyday. We also noted that openness is more problematic when it comes to sound. Many people aredisturbed by talking in open plan offices and one conclusion is that work dominated by “long questions”suffers from this conversational overhearing, while work dominated by “short questions” hasthe possibility to balance the negative effects. There is a need both for new office design and formanagement strategies that combine spatial and social configurations in a more conscious way. Thefindings presented in this paper are from studies of seven offices/companies with a total of about1500 office workers.
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