| 1. |
- Markiewicz, Anna, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions of organic pollutants from traffic and roads : Priority pollutants selection and substance flow analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 580, s. 1162-1174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of organic pollutants (OPs) emitted from vehicles and traffic-related activities exhibit environmental persistence and a tendency to bioaccumulate, and may have detrimental long-term effects on aquatic life. The aim of the study was to establish a list of significant sources of OPs occurring in road runoff, identify the OPs emitted from these sources, select a number of priority pollutants (PP), and estimate the quantity of PPs emitted in a road environment case study using substance flow analysis (SFA). The priority pollutants included in the SFA were selected from a list of approximately 1100 compounds found after comprehensive screening, including literature and database searches, expert judgments, the Ranking and Identification of Chemical Hazards method, and chemical analysis of sediments. The results showed the following priority order: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) > alkanes C20–C40 > alkylphenols > phthalates > aldehydes > phenolic antioxidants > bisphenol A > oxygenated-PAHs > naphtha C5–C12 > amides > amines. Among these, PAHs were chosen for a SFA, which was performed for a highway case study area in Gothenburg (Sweden). The SFA showed that the main sources of PAHs emitted in the area were vehicle exhaust gases, followed by tyre wear, motor lubricant oils, road surface wear, and brake linings. Only 2–6% of the total 5.8–29 kg annually emitted PAHs/ha ended up in the stormwater sewer system. The measured PAH loads were found in much smaller amounts than the calculated loads and the outflow to stormwater contained much more of the hazardous PAHs than the total loads emitted in the catchment area.
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| 2. |
- Järlskog, Ida, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic-related microplastic particles, metals, and organic pollutants in an urban area under reconstruction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In urban environments, particularly areas under reconstruction, metals, organic pollutants (OP), and microplastics (MP), are released in large amounts due to heavy traffic. Road runoff, a major transport route for urban pollutants, contributes significantly to a deteriorated water quality in receiving waters. This study was conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden, and is unique because it simultaneously investigates the occurrence of OP, metals, and MP on roads and in stormwater from an urban area under reconstruction. Correlations between the various pollutants were also explored. The study was carried out by collecting washwater and sweepsand generated from street sweeping, road surface sampling, and flow-proportional stormwater sampling on several occasions. The liquid and solid samples were analyzed for metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oxy-PAH, aliphatics, aromatics, phthalates, and MP. The occurrence of OP was also analyzed with a non-target screening method of selected samples. Microplastics, i.e. plastic fragments/fibers, paint fragments, tire wear particles (TWP) and bitumen, were analyzed with a method based on density separation with sodium iodide and identification with a stereo microscope, melt-tests, and tactile identification. MP concentrations amounted to 1500 particles/L in stormwater, 51,000 particles/L in washwater, and 2.6 × 106 particles/kg dw in sweepsand. In stormwater, washwater and sweepsand, MP ≥20 μm were found to be dominated by TWP (38%, 83% and 78%, respectively). The results confirm traffic as an important source to MP, OP, and metal emissions. Concentrations exceeding water and sediment quality guidelines for metals (e.g. Cu and Zn), PAH, phthalates, and aliphatic hydrocarbons in the C16–C35 fraction were found in most samples. The results show that the street sweeper collects large amounts of polluted materials and thereby prevents further spread of the pollutants to the receiving stormwater.
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| 3. |
- Markiewicz, Anna, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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A pilot study of sorption filters to remove non-particulate organic pollutants in stormwater
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Conference on Urban Drainage.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic pollutants (OPs) occur in urban stormwater as sorbed to particles, and in dissolved and colloidal forms. In this study, a pilot plant with column bed-filters of sand in combination with granulated activated carbon (GAC), peat and bark was used to investigate the removal of non-particulate OPs from stormwater. Bark, peat and GAC filters showed 60-100% reduction of aliphatics, aromatics and naphthalene when incoming water was spiked with contaminated sediment and diesel, and the peat filter showed 70% reduction of aromatics and naphthalene during heavy rain events. Sufficient water flows through the filters were difficult to achieve and improvements of the hydraulics are recommended.
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| 4. |
- Markiewicz, Anna, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative sorption filter materials effectively remove non-particulate organic pollutants from stormwater
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 730
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban runoff contains a mixture of both particulate and non-particulate organic pollutants (OPs). Hydrophobic OPs such as higher petroleum hydrocarbons, phthalates, and polycyclic organic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not exclusively bound to particles, but also present in runoff in colloidal and truly dissolved forms. These hydrophobic compounds can also form nano- and microsized emulsions that may carry pollutants in stormwater. Hence, it is of great importance to develop treatment technologies such as sorption filters that can remove non-particulate OPs from contaminated stormwater. A pilot plant using column bed-filters of sand as a pre-filter, in combination with granulated activated carbon, Sphagnum peat or Pinus sylvestris bark, was used to investigate the removal of non-particulate OPs from urban stormwater. Samples from the filter effluents were collected weekly; during or after rain events; and during stress tests when incoming water was spiked with contaminated sediment and petrol or diesel. All sorption filters showed efficient reduction of aliphatic diesel hydrocarbons C16–C35, benzene, and the PAHs phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene during most of the operation time, which was 18 months. During the stress test events, all sorption filters showed 100% reduction of PAH-16, petrol and diesel aliphatics C5–C35. All sorption filters released DOC and nanoparticles, which may explain some of the transportation of OPs through the filter beds. The recommendation is to use a combination of sand pre-filtration and all the studied sorption materials in stormwater filters in series, to achieve effective removal of different types of OPs. It is also important to improve the hydraulic conditions to obtain sufficient water flows through the filters.
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| 5. |
- Markiewicz, Anna, 1984
(författare)
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Colloidal Organic Pollutants in Road Runoff: Sources, Emissions and Effective Treatment Technologies
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thousands of organic substances circulate in our society and are diffusely emitted through traffic, combustion and leaching from constructions and building materials into the urban environment. The research in this PhD thesis focuses on road runoff as the highest concentrations of pollutants are frequently found in runoff from areas with high traffic intensity. Many organic pollutants (OPs) emitted from vehicles and traffic-related activities exhibit environmental persistence and a tendency to bioaccumulate and may have detrimental long-term effects on aquatic life. Road runoff contains a cocktail of both particulate and non-particulate OPs. Hydrophobic OPs such as higher petroleum hydrocarbons, phthalates, and polycyclic organic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not exclusively bound to particles, but also present in runoff in colloidal and truly dissolved forms. These hydrophobic compounds can also form nano- and microsized emulsions that may carry pollutants in stormwater. Hence, it is of great importance to develop treatment technologies that can remove non-particulate OPs from contaminated stormwater. The overall aim of this PhD research was to evaluate the best options to manage the colloidal fraction of OPs in road runoff, including road dust, water and sediments. The research also included to study the sources, emissions and the transport processes of OPs in road runoff. In Paper I approximately 1100 compounds were chosen for further studies after comprehensive screening and assessment. The results of the developed iterative selection process used for identifying and selecting priority pollutants in urban road environments showed the following priority order: PAHs > aliphates C20–C40 > alkylphenols > phthalates > aldehydes > phenolic antioxidants > bisphenol A > oxygenated-PAHs > naphtha C5–C12 > amides > amines. Among these, PAH-16 were chosen for a substance flow analysis (SFA), which was performed for a highway case study area. The SFA showed that the main sources of PAHs emitted in the area were vehicle exhaust gases, followed by tyre wear, motor lubricant oils, road surface wear, and brake linings. Only 2–6% of the total 5.8–29 kg/ha annually emitted PAHs end up in the stormwater sewer system. Particle size distribution and zeta potential measurements was performed on simulated road runoff, using laboratory prepared mixtures of ultrapure water and specific OPs with and without addition of humic acid and iron colloids (Paper II). The aim was to provide an understanding of the transport routes of OPs in the environment, and to determine whether OPs are transported with nano- and microparticles in the form of emulsions The following simulation mixtures were identified as potential emulsions: diesel (aliphates); alkylphenols (APs) and their ethoxylates (APEOs); diesel with APs and APEOs; phthalates, and a mixture of all OPs (including PAH-16) with and without colloids. Most of the particles in the samples were found in the nano-range of 30–660 nm, and a smaller portion of particles < 28% were found to be micro-sized. In Paper III the potential of street sweeping to reduce the amounts of OPs and nano/microparticles reaching stormwater was investigated in a case study that included sampling road dust and washwater from a street sweeping machine, road dust before and after sweeping, and stormwater. The compound groups generally found in the highest concentrations in all matrices were aliphates C5–C35 > phthalates > aromates C8–C35 > PAH-16. The concentrations of aliphates C16–C35 and PAHs in washwater were extremely high at ≤ 53,000 µg/L and ≤ 120 µg/L, respectively, and the highest concentrations were found after a 3-month winter break in sweeping. The washwater contains a wide range of small particles, including nanoparticles in sizes from just below 1 nm up to 300 nm, with nanoparticles in the size range 25–300 nm present in the highest concentrations. The design of an experimental car wash and subsequent laboratory analysis with a focus on OPs and particle size distributions was performed in Paper IV. The car wash experiment simulated high and a low intensity rain and carwash using conventional and eco-friendly detergents. Per driven km phthatales were emitted by 0.10–0.40 µg, aliphates by 0.020–0.60 µg and PAH-16 by 2.5×10-4–2.5×10-3 µg, and were the OPs emitted in largest amounts from all cars. . The dominant phthalate was the high molecular weight di-iso-nonylphthalate (DINP) quantified up to 640 µg/L. Nanoparticles in the size range 10–450 nm were also released in large amounts from the cars and the waters contained up to 3.3 ×106 of particles per liter. In Paper V a pilot plant using column bed-filters of sand as a pre-filter, in combination with sorption filters of granulated activated carbon, Sphagnum peat or Pinus sylvestris bark, was used to investigate the removal of non-particulate OPs from urban stormwater. Samples from the filter effluents were collected weekly; during or after rain events; and during stress tests when incoming water was spiked with contaminated sediment and petrol or diesel. All sorption filters showed efficient reduction of aliphatic diesel hydrocarbons C16–C35, benzene, and the PAHs phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene during most of the operation time, which was 18 months. During the stress test events, all sorption filters showed 100% reduction of PAH-16, petrol and diesel aliphates C5–C35. The following recommendations are suggested to prevent further spread of OPs and nanoparticles to the urban environment: (1) Frequent street sweeping of the most polluted streets in urban areas should be introduced as soon as possible; (2) Frequent washing of vehicles in urban areas should be mandatory, especially during winter when emissions of exhaust gases and vehicle wear are greatest; (3) The final step for treating highly polluted stormwater must contain sorption filters to effectively remove OPs and especially OPs in colloidal forms. Future research should perform multi-criteria decision analyses to compare the treatment options studied in this research with other options to find the most sustainable solutions to remove OPs and nanoparticles from stormwater.
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| 6. |
- Markiewicz, Anna, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Generation of nano- and micro-sized organic pollutant emulsions in simulated road runoff
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 133, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A wide range of organic pollutants (OPs) are emitted from the road and traffic environment and transported with road runoff to receiving waters. To provide an understanding of the transport routes of OPs in the environment, an investigation was carried out with the aim to determine whether OPs are transported with nano- and microparticles in the form of emulsions. Tests were performed on simulated road runoff, using laboratory prepared mixtures of ultrapure water and specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs) and their ethoxylates (APEOs), phthalates, diesel oil (aliphatic hydrocarbons), with and without addition of humic acid (HA) and iron (Fe) colloids. The samples were analysed directly after mixing and after a few days of stabilisation for particle size distribution (PSD) and concentrations of particles in the size range 10 nm-100 mu m, and zeta potential> +/- 500 mV. Further, after long-term storage to achieve stabilisation, selected samples were investigated for the PSD and particle concentrations in the ranges 10 nm-2 mu m, to determine whether stable emulsions had formed. The following simulation mixtures, both mixed and stabilised, were identified as potential emulsions: diesel, APs and APEOs, diesel with APs and APEOS, phthalates, and a mixture of all OPs with and without colloids. Measurements with the Zetasizer and Nanosight instruments imply that the majority of particles in the samples were found in the nano-range of 30-660 nm respectively, and a smaller portion of particles < 28% also measured with Coulter Counter were found to be micro-sized. Higher concentrations of the smallest nanoparticles were found in the mixture of all OPs without colloids added, than in the OP mixture with colloids added. The results indicate that the addition of colloids favours the formation of larger micro-sized emulsions that may break down with time into nano-sized particles. In the mixed samples, the number of micro-sized particles decreased, while the number of nanoparticles increased; this process may also occur in road runoff transportation systems during heavy rain events. This is the first study to indicate that emulsions of OPs may be formed in road runoff, and that emulsions may act as carriers of OPs in urban stormwater.
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| 7. |
- Polukarova, Maria, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Organic pollutants, nano- and microparticles in street sweeping road dust and washwater
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road areas are pollution hotspots where many metals, organic pollutants (OPs) and nano/microparticles accumulate before being transported to receiving waters. Particles on roads originate from e.g. road, tyre and vehicle wear, winter road maintenance, soil erosion, and deposition. Street sweeping has the potential to be an effective and affordable practice to reduce the occurrence of road dust, and thereby the subsequent spreading of pollutants, but there is currently little knowledge regarding its effectiveness. In this paper we investigate the potential of street sweeping to reduce the amounts of OPs and nano/microparticles reaching stormwater, in a case study sampling road dust and washwater from a street sweeping machine, road dust before and after sweeping, and stormwater. The compound groups generally found in the highest concentrations in all matrices were aliphatics C5–C35 > phthalates > aromatics C8–C35 > PAH-16. The concentrations of aliphatics C16–C35 and PAHs in washwater were extremely high at ≤ 53,000 µg/L and ≤ 120 µg/L, respectively, and the highest concentrations were found after a 3-month winter break in sweeping. In general, fewer aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs were detected in road dust samples than in washwater. The relative composition of the specific PAH-16 suggests tyre wear, vehicle exhausts, brake linings, motor oils and road surface wear as possible sources. The study indicates that many of the hydrophobic compounds quantified in washwater are attached to small particles or truly dissolved. The washwater contains a wide range of small particles, including nanoparticles in sizes from just below 1 nm up to 300 nm, with nanoparticles in the size range 25–300 nm present in the highest concentrations. The results also indicated agglomeration of nanoparticles in the washwater. The street sweeping collected a large amount of fine particles and associated pollutants, leading to the conclusion that washwater from street sweeping needs to be treated before disposal.
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