| 1. |
- Haglund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
-
Organofosfater i svensk miljö : Ett screeninguppdrag från Naturvårdsverket
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I Naturvårdsverkets screeningprojekt har femton organofosfater (OP) analyserats i prov från inom- och utomhusmiljöer. Tio av dessa OP dominerade den svenska importen av organofosfater 1999 och åtta är listade som högvolymkemikalier i EU. OP används bl.a som flamskydd, mjukgörare och tillsatser i oljeprodukter. Damm- och luftprov från olika boende- och arbetsmiljöer studerades, liksom avstrykningsprov från datorer och insidan av vindrutan på fordon. Åtta av de analyserade ämnena återfanns i samtliga dammprover. Tri(2-butoxyetyl)fosfat (TBEP)dominerade i nästan alla prov med halter mellan 0,014 och 5,3 g/kg damm, följt av tri(2-kloroetyl)fosfat (TCEP), tri(2-kloroisopropyl)fosfat (TCPP) och tri(1,3-dikloropropyl)fosfat (TDCPP). Totalhalten av OP i luft varierade mellan 37 och 950 ng/m3 och dominerades av klorerade OP (TCEP och TCPP) med halter mellan 0,4 och 730 ng/m3. Trifenylfosfat (TPP) dominerade i avstrykningsprov från datorer (4,0 μg/m2) och TPP,TDCPP, TCEP och TCPP i avstrykningsprov från vindrutor. De relativa halterna av olika OP varierade mellan provplatserna, men generellt så avspeglade de byggnadsmatrial, möbler och produkter använda inom lokalen. Möjliga källor till OP i inomhusmiljö är bl.a. bonvax, PVC-golv, möbelstoppning och plastprodukter. Analyser av snöprov tagna på en flygplats och på olika avstånd från en vägkorsning samt av oljeprodukter, bakgrundsluft och depositionsprov indikerade att OP sprids från både direkta och diffusa källor samt genomgår långväga lufttransport. Fordonstrafik verkar utgöra en källa till OP i den yttre miljön. Den totala halten OP minskade med ökat avstånd från vägkorsningen och dessutom detekterades TPP och tri(etylhexyl)fosfat (TEHP) i spillolja från bilar och lastbilar. Höga halter av tributylfosfat (TBP), tricresylfosfat (TCP) och TPP återfanns i snöprov från flygplatsen och visades främst komma från hydraul- och smörjoljeprodukter som används till flygplan. Prover från reningsverk tyder på att OP har en bred användning i samhället. Halterna i både in- och utgående vatten samt slam ligger i stort sett på samma nivå oavsett storlek på reningsverket och antal anslutna personekvivalenter. Analyserna visade även att de klorerade substanserna tenderar att passera hela reningsverket utan att avskiljas, men de påträffas även i slam. Icke-klorerade OP avskiljs i högre grad från det ingående vattnet, exempelvis minskar TBP med ca. 80 %. Budgetberäkningar indikerar att ca. 10 % av den omsatta mängden (enligt Kemikalieinspektionens register) OP når reningsverken och ca. 5 % passerar dem och når recipienten. För att bedöma exponering och eventuell koppling mellan halten organofosfater i luft och halten organofosfater i blod- och urinprov från människa kommer denna studie att kompletteras med exponeringsmätningar med personburna luftprovtagare samt blod och urinprov från personer som arbetar i några av de redan provtagna miljöerna.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Lakso, Hans-Åke, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-term stability of the alcohol consumption biomarker phosphatidylethanol in erythrocytes at-80 degrees C
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Clinical Mass Spectrometry. - : Elsevier. - 2213-8005 .- 2376-9998. ; 11, s. 37-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a recently introduced biomarker with high specificity, high sensitivity, and response correlating with alcohol consumption. It has the potential to be a valuable biomarker in population studies on the health effects of alcohol, however its stability in long-term stored blood is not known. We used LCMS/MS to assess the stability of PEth-16:0/18:1 in blood samples (packed erythrocytes) that were stored between 1 and 19 years at -80 degrees C in a biobank from a large population survey. The participants answered a lifestyle questionnaire that included questions on alcohol consumption. For analysis, we selected blood samples from seven homogenous ethanol consumption cohorts collected at intervals from 1997 to 2015. Despite the narrow stated alcohol consumption range, 10-15 g/day, there were large differences in PEth values between individuals in the cohorts, from below the limit of detection of 0.005 mu mol/L to 1.40 mu mol/L. The median was 0.08 mu mol/L. Neither generalized linear modeling, nor principal component analysis revealed a statistically significant association between time of storage and PEth levels. The PEth results indicate that the participants had, on average, under-reported their alcohol consumption several-fold. The findings suggest that PEth in blood has a sufficient long-term stability for use as an alcohol biomarker in prospective case-control studies. Analysis of blood stored in biobanks could significantly improve the validity of assessments exploring the health effects of alcohol.
|
|
| 4. |
- Marklund, Anneli, 1970-
(författare)
-
Levels and sources of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor and outdoor environments
- 2005
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Global consumption of organophosphate esters (OPs), which are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, is rapidly increasing. Their use as additives in diverse applications poses a risk as they may be emitted from the products they are added to and be further transported in the environment. Therefore, the levels, distribution, and possible sources of 15 OPs, some of which are reported to be toxic, were investigated in indoor and outdoor environments. An exposure assessment was performed, and the exposure to OPs via inhalation was examined for five occupational groups. In addition, based on the findings of the studies, the total flow of OPs in Sweden was estimated.In indoor environments, the OPs detected in air and dust varied between the sites, but generally reflected the building materials, furniture etc. used in the premises. A majority of the analysed OPs were detected in all samples, and public buildings tended to have higher levels than domestic buildings. The chlorinated OPs dominated in indoor air and wipe samples from vehicles. They were also abundant in the dust samples. Some occupational groups were significantly more exposed to OPs than others. Aircraft technicians, for example, were exposed to about 500 times more tributyl phosphate than day care centre personnel.Upon domestic and industrial cleaning, OPs are discharged with the wastewater via the sewage system to sewage treatment plants (STPs). Irrespective of the size of the STPs investigated, they had similar levels of OPs in their influents, indicating that products containing OPs are widely used by the communities they serve. In some cases, it was possible to trace elevated levels of individual OPs to specific sources. The OPs were poorly removed from the wastewater, and the chlorinated OPs especially tended to pass through the STPs without being removed or degraded. Thus, levels of OPs in their effluents were also similar, as were the levels in their sludge. Of the total amounts of OPs entering the STPs, 50% was emitted to the recipients via the effluent. Hence, there is room for significant improvement in the treatment processes. Carps living in a pond, receiving STP effluent were found to contain relatively high levels of OPs compared to perch collected in lakes from background locations.Air and road traffic were also identified as sources of OPs: the concentration of total OPs in snow samples decreased with increasing distance from a major road intersection, and OPs were detected in aircraft lubricants and hydraulic fluids and in waste oil from cars and lorries. OPs are emitted from both diffuse and direct sources to the environment and may then be spread by long-range air transport, rivers and streams. This probably explains why OPs were also detected in air and fish from background locations.Finally, OPs are ubiquitous substances in both indoor and outdoor environments. The possibility that prolonged exposure to OPs at the levels found may cause adverse effects, for instance in aqueous organisms, cannot be excluded. For example, the OP levels in snow were of the same magnitude as reported effect concentrations. Similarly, in some premises, indoor exposure to OPs was close to the suggested guideline value. However, since these studies include only a limited number of samples, and data regarding the health and environmental effects of OPs are sparse, no definitive conclusions regarding their possible environmental effects can be drawn.
|
|
| 5. |
- Marklund, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
-
Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325 .- 1464-0333. ; 7:8, s. 814-819
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eleven organophosphorus compounds (OPs) that are used as plasticizers and flame retardants were analysed in duplicate samples of indoor air from 17 domestic and occupational environments. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns were used as adsorbents and analysis was performed using GC with a nitrogen phosphorus selective detector. The total amounts of OPs in the air samples ranged between 36 and 950 ng m(-3); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the most abundant (0.4 to 730 ng m(-3)), followed by tributyl phosphate (0.5-120 ng m(-3)). Public buildings tended to have about 3-4 times higher levels of OPs than domestic buildings. The relative amounts of individual OPs varied between the sites and generally reflected the building materials, furniture and consumer products used in the sampled environments. Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, acoustic ceilings, upholstered furniture, wall coverings, floor polish and polyvinylchloride floor coverings. A correlation was observed between the TCEP concentrations in the air in the sampled environments and previously reported concentrations in dust, but no such correlation was seen for the heavier and less volatile tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Based on estimated amounts of indoor air inhaled and dust ingested, adults and children in the sampled environments would be exposed to up to 5.8 mu g kg(-1) day(-1) and 57 mu g kg(-1) day(-1) total OPs, respectively.
|
|
| 6. |
- Marklund, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
-
Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in Swedish sewage treatment plants
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 39:19, s. 7423-7429
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The levels, distribution, and possible sources of 12 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers, some of which are reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in samples of influents, effluents, and sludge from 11 Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs). The organophosphorus compounds (OPs) studied were poorly removed from the wastewater; especially the chlorinated OPs tended to pass through the STPs without being removed or degraded, while alkyl-OPs, such as tributyl phosphate (TBP), were more successfully removed. In both influents and effluents, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and TBP were the most prominent substances followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). The highest concentration of any individual OP detected in the influents was 52 mu g L-1 (TBP). Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and TCPP dominated in all sludge samples. A budget calculation comparing the annual amount of OPs in the influent received by Swedish STPs with the known amount of OPs imported indicated that approximately 15% is emitted to STPs. Of the total amount of OPs reaching the STPs annually, 49% is degraded, 50% (27 tons) is emitted to the recipients, and only 1% ends up in the sludge. The concentrations of most OPs were quite similar among the sampled STPs, indicating that the data may be applicable in other STPs.
|
|
| 7. |
- Marklund, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
-
Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 53:9, s. 1137-1146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Marklund, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
-
Traffic as a Source of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Snow
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 39:10, s. 3555-3562
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Snow samples collected in northern Sweden at a road intersection and an airport indicated that traffic is a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in the outdoor environment. Analysis of snow samples taken at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m from the road intersection showed that the total amount of OPs declined as distance increased. Of the I I analyzed substances, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated in the snow samples from the intersection, with levels of 170, 130, and 110 ng/kg snow at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m. Similar amounts of TCPP were found at the airport (100220 ng/kg). These levels are approximately twice as high as the level found in the reference snow sample from a remote area (70 ng/kg). A possible explanation for the higher levels of TCPP found close to the road intersection is that it may be emitted from the interior of cars via their ventilation systems. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was identified in lubricants and in waste oil from vehicles, and thus, leakage of transmission and motor oils is a probable source of TPP found at the sampled sites. Ten OPs were detected in the three samples from the airport, of which tributyl phosphate (TBP) was the most abundant, at levels 3 orders of magnitude higher than in the reference sample, that is, 25 000 compared to 19 ng/kg. The main source of TBP at the airport was traced to aircraft hydraulic fluid. Analysis of background air and deposition samples indicated that some OPs are subject to long-range air transportation.
|
|
| 10. |
- Marklund Sundkvist, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
-
Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325 .- 1464-0333. ; 12:4, s. 943-951
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The levels and relative proportions of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs), some of which are reportedly toxic to aquatic organisms, were investigated in human breast milk and samples of fish and mussels from Swedish lakes and coastal areas in order to assess spatial differences in environmental exposure and spatial and temporal differences in human exposure. Some of the biota samples were collected at locations with known potential sources of OPs, but most were collected in background locations. Tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dominated in the biota with levels ranging from 170 to 770 ng g-1 for TCPP in perch and between 21 and 180 ng g-1 for TPP. In milk samples, TCPP (median 45 ng g-1) and tributyl phosphate (median 12 ng g(-1)) were the most frequently occurring OPs. Among samples of fish from background locations, the concentrations and profiles of most OPs were quite similar, indicating that their sources were diffuse. However, in fish from sample locations near known sources, there were marked differences in OP concentrations and profiles. Fish from a stream receiving surface water from Arlanda airport displayed high levels of OPs (10 200 ng g-1) that are commonly used in aircraft hydraulic fluids. Fish collected at points 1 or 2 km downstream of sewage treatment plants showed significantly higher levels of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), one of the most typically abundant OP in effluents from such plants. In the milk samples obtained from women in different towns no distinct differences were detected in OP concentrations or profiles. However, the levels of TBEP tended to be higher in milk collected 10 years ago than in milk collected more recently. However, human exposure to OPs through eating fish or to breastfeeding babies seems to be of minor importance in relation to other potential sources, such as indoor dust inhalation and ingestion.
|
|
