| 1. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Replicating the focus theory of normative conduct as tested by Cialdini et al. (1990)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In developing the focus theory of normative conduct (FTNC), Cialdini et al. (1990), proposed and demonstrated that social anti-littering norms reduced littering in 1) clean environments (signaling that others did not litter) and 2) by adding a single piece of litter to an otherwise clean environment. The assumption was that the single piece of litter would focus people?s attention on the descriptive anti-littering norm, signaling that others did not litter. Despite the profound influence of Cialdini et al.?s (1990) paper, no attempt to replicate this ?single piece of litter? effect has been reported. In two high powered and pre-registered field-experiments and one online experiment (ntotal = 1798), we attempted to replicate and then examine the processes behind both descriptive anti-littering norms and the single piece of litter effect. Results first supported FTNC by replicating less littering in clean compared to littered environments. Second, replications of the single piece of litter effect ran contrary to the original finding, showing as much littering in environments including a single piece of litter as in fully littered environments. Hence, littering increased rather than decreased by adding a single piece of litter in an otherwise clean environment. Supporting some theoretical assumptions of the FTNC, a follow-up experiment showed increased salience of an anti-littering norm and a perceived descriptive norm against littering in a single-piece-oflitter compared to a clean environment. However, in line with findings from our replications, the injunctive antilittering norm appears to weaken as litter accumulates.
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| 2. |
- Boo, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding mobility profiles and e-kickscooter use in three urban case studies in Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia. - 2352-1457 .- 2352-1465.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This investigation aims to understand mobility profiles and e-kickscooter (e-ks) use by investigating three urban case studies in Europe. 398 participants took part in a survey with 56 questions regarding regular trip characteristics, mobility experience and attitudes towards e-ks. Seven distinct mobility profiles were identified in the overall sample. Four out of the seven include non-riders of e-ks and three correspond to e-ks riders (both occasional and regular). Mobility profiles were further characterised by transport habits and psychological and behavioural aspects. Results show that differences between the sociodemographic profile of respondents and urban related factors like the role of cars to satisfy mobility needs, infrastructure, safety regulations, weather and bicycle culture were likely to shape the dominant mobility profiles in each city. Moreover, the use of e-ks is still limited, both owned and shared, in all three case studies and population type. Regular riders of e-ks only represented 8% of the total surveyed population. The segmentation analysis included in this paper is a valuable source of knowledge for tailored policy and communication efforts.
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| 3. |
- Issa Mattos, David, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Bayesian paired comparison with the bpcs package
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 54, s. 2025-2045
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces the bpcs R package (Bayesian Paired Comparison in Stan) and the statistical models implemented in the package. This package aims to facilitate the use of Bayesian models for paired comparison data in behavioral research. Bayesian analysis of paired comparison data allows parameter estimation even in conditions where the maximum likelihood does not exist, allows easy extension of paired comparison models, provides straightforward interpretation of the results with credible intervals, has better control of type I error, has more robust evidence towards the null hypothesis, allows propagation of uncertainties, includes prior information, and performs well when handling models with many parameters and latent variables. The bpcs package provides a consistent interface for R users and several functions to evaluate the posterior distribution of all parameters to estimate the posterior distribution of any contest between items and to obtain the posterior distribution of the ranks. Three reanalyses of recent studies that used the frequentist Bradley-Terry model are presented. These reanalyses are conducted with the Bayesian models of the bpcs package, and all the code used to fit the models, generate the figures, and the tables are available in the online appendix.
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| 4. |
- Jakobsson Bergstad, Cecilia, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of socioeconomic factors in the diffusion of car sharing
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to put into relationship, the diffusion of car sharing practices and relevant individual sociodemographic and economic factors, the research started analysing the information in some of the national travel surveys administered throughout Europe. From this research, it emerged that in most of the cases information on the use of car sharing for daily mobility at a national level is of poor quality. In particular, the characteristics of car sharing members such as gender, age, car ownership and travel behaviour have been compared with the characteristics of the population living in the same country or city, coming from the national (or city) travel survey. Since there is an urgent demand to reduce the damaging impact of transportation on the environment (air pollution, noise pollution, reduced green areas, traffic accidents, etc.) in urban cities, we aim to answer the following question: What are the main behavioural, psychological and social factors influencing people’s choice to use car sharing? This main question can be operationalized in more specific sub questions: do users and nonusers of car sharing differ, regarding transport choices? Are there differences among ages and genders for specific services and demands? What are the main motives for using car sharing for users and non-users? Are the social, behavioural and psychological aspects influencing people’s intention to use car sharing? If so, to which extent does it occur? In order to answer those questions, this report was structured in 5 main sections: Section 1: In this section multiple sources were exploited in order to give insights about the impact of car sharing on travel behaviours, among different kind of users and different countries/ cities. Section 2: Based on the model of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the latent variables Attitudes, Perceived Behaviour Control (PBC), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Ease of Use (EU), Subjective Norms (SN), Trust, Personal Norms (PN) Environmental Awareness (EA) and Habit were tested in a linear regression model along with sociodemographic variables to predict behaviour intention to use car sharing. The data were collected by STARS partners along EU countries with users and non-users of car sharing. Section 3: In this case study, it is examined how car sharers in Flanders assess the services of different car sharing organisations. Focus was given on membership, car ownership, customer satisfaction, overall characteristics of the service, costs, flexibility and offer of cars with alternative fuels. The influence of socioeconomic factors in the diffusion of car sharing GA n°769513 Page 17 of 243 Section 4: This second case study analysed and compared behavioural data from URBI during two months in Berlin, Milan, Turin and Madrid. Focus was given to patterns and hourly distribution of trips. Section 5: This case study analysed and compared behavioural data for users and non-users of car sharing in Germany. Focus was given to social demographic variables, the use of smartphones, attitudes towards different transport modes, incentives to use car sharing, support to implement car sharing, characterization of users of car sharing and relation to the characteristics of services.
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| 5. |
- Martins Silva Ramos, Érika, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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An empirical investigation of attitudes towards daily commuting transportation: the impacts of travel satisfaction, driving habits and social desirability.
- 2018
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Ingår i: The 29th International Congress of Applied Psychology, June 26-30, Montréal, Canada.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background/Rational Every day people decide how to travel to their out-of-home activities. What is important for them when choosing the mode of transportation? Are those things predictors of attitudes towards modes of transportation along with driving habits and satisfaction with daily travel? Does being more or less satisfied affect people’s attitudes? Method A survey was mailed to a sample of 3,000 Swedish residents in rural, semi-rural and urban areas. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: driving habits, satisfaction, important aspects when choosing mode of daily commuting and socio-demographics measurements. Results Factor analysis was conducted regarding “satisfaction with daily commuting”, “important aspects for mode choice of commuting” and “driving habits” (KMO = .74; .76; 79, respectively). The retained factors were used in multiple regressions analyses as predictors of attitudes towards car, public transport and bike (R2 = .32; .11; .16, respectively). Conclusions “Driving habits” was the main predictor for attitudes towards car while “socially desirable aspects” was the most important factor to predict attitudes towards public transport and bike. Living in big cities negatively affected attitudes toward car and satisfaction with daily commuting was a minor predictor for all modes of transportation. Action/Impact Attitudes towards modes of commuting are predicted by people’s habits and what they value as important when commuting. Knowing what they value when choosing modes of transportation gives support to implement accurate and effective interventions, policies and new services that promote sustainability in transportation.
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| 6. |
- Martins Silva Ramos, Érika, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Behaviour drivers and barriers in car sharing
- 2019
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Ingår i: Car sharing camp out (14-15th October 2019), Paris, France.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Martins Silva Ramos, Érika, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Car Sharing in Sweden: Perceptions and acceptance of current users and potential users.
- 2018
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Ingår i: The National Conference in Transport Research, Gothenburg, Sweden..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Overview and research questions Carsharing has in a near future the potential to contribute to be a truly disruptive shared mobility, going beyond the boundaries of services niches (Sprei, 2017). However, even with the increase of the carsharing fleet around urban and metropolitan areas, carsharing operators are still facing challenges in terms of regulation and profitability (de Luca & Di Pace, 2015). Despite the fixed costs of the service, the misunderstandings of consumer’s behaviour have compromised the estimation of revenues. Thus, there is a demand for empirical investigation of sociodemographic and behavioural variables to predict individual choices regarding carsharing use (Prieto, Baltas, & Stan, 2017). Despite the motives of value-seeking and convenience, we need to consider lifestyle motives and altruistic environmental concerns as factors influencing consumer’s acceptance and usage of carsharing (Schaefers, 2013). The aim of this study is two folded: firstly, to present and compare the sociodemographic profiles of users and non-users of carsharing in Sweden. Secondly, to predict behaviour intentions by assessing behavioural and attitudinal aspects of carsharing acceptance and use. Who are the users of carsharing in the Swedish cities? What are their perceptions regarding acceptance and self-efficacy to use carsharing? What are the behavioural predictors of intention to use carsharing? This study follows the rationale proposed by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which has foundations on the psychological Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen, 2012). Adaptations of TAM to investigate acceptance of vehicle automation and similar technologies have shown as a satisfactory framework across times and settings, indication strong validity (Madigan, Louw, Wilbrink, Schieben, & Merat, 2017; Yousafzai, Foxall, & Pallister, 2007a, 2007b). This is the first time that carsharing use is largely investigated through TAM in Sweden. The model is adapted to the context of carsharing use in which the latent variables are measured as predictors of behavioural intention to use carsharing in the near future. Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Condition, Trust and Price perception are the latent variables of the model followed by gender, age, frequency of use of carsharing and group (user or non-user of carsharing). Method Data were collected by an online survey distributed by the Laboratory of Opinion Research at the University of Gothenburg. It targeted carsharing users and non-users of Swedish cities (Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö metro areas and other municipalities) and the response rate was 84%. In order to assess the latent variables for the model, a set of questions were made to the respondents and indexes were estimated by statistical analysis. The validity of those variables was estimated conjunctly with the statistics procedures. Sample The sample consist of 2818 valid respondents. They are users (n = 1065) and non-users (n = 1752) of carsharing services. Around 65% of the sample are between 30 and 69 years old and around 50% of the sample have monthly income between 30000 to 54999 kroners (before taxes). Around 75% have some kind of university degree. Analysis and Results The results will be presented in two subsections. The first subsection will be a detailed profile for each Swedish city considering age, gender, number of cars in the household, work, income, quality of income management, education and political identification. The second subsection will be the TAM analysis and results to predict Behavioural Intention to use carsharing in a near future. The number of persons living in the household was MUsers = 2.41(SD = 1.19) and MNon-users = 2.29 (SD = 1.17) in Stockholm; MUsers = 2.58 (SD = 1.17) and MNon-users = 2.29 (SD = 1.13) in Gothenburg; MUsers = 2.47 (SD = 1.14) and MNon-users = 2.18 (SD = 1.14) in Malmö; MUsers = 2.4 (SD = 1.2) and MNon-users = 2.43 (SD = 1.17) on the other municipalities. The median for the question “My support for implementation of car sharing in society is…” to be answered based on a Likert scale “1- very weak to 7 – very strong” were 5 for non-users and 6 for users in all cities, except for non-users from Gothenburg which median was 4. The model explained 39% of the variance in Behavioural Intention to use car sharing within the next six months. The independent variables were entered on the model in two steps: (1) the relevant sociodemographic variables, gender, age, frequency of carsharing use and usage category (user or non-user of carsharing services); (2) the latent variables, Performance Expectancy, Social Influence, Effort Expectancy, Trust, Facilitating Conditions (home), Facilitating Conditions (out of home) and Price perception. On the first step, Frequency of CS use (b = -.125, p = .000) and Usage (b = .112, p = .000) were predictors of Behavioural Intention while Gender (b = -.002, p = .944) and Age (b = .015, p = .543) were not. On the second step, the main predictor was Performance Expectancy (b = .38, p = .000), followed by Social Influence (b = .23, p =.000), Trust (b = -.066, p = .009) and Facilitating Conditions (home) (b = .066, p = .016). However, Facilitating Conditions (out of home) (b = .066, p = .016) and Price perception (b = .041, p = .103) did not predicted Behavioural Intention. The results of this study have accomplished with its two folded objectives. The sociodemographic variables were presented in order to visualize a profile of users and non-users of CS on the Swedish cities. The regression results gave evidence that TAM is a valuable model to predict behavioural intention and to give more understanding of consumer’s behaviour and acceptance of CS. The results will be discussed in light of those contributions, such as the relevance to better address consumer’s trust on carsharing services and the contributions to accomplish with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
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| 10. |
- Martins Silva Ramos, Érika, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Experience and users preferences
- 2019
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Ingår i: Initiative seminar "Transportation in the Age of digitalization", Chalmers University of Technology, 26 September 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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