| 1. |
- Chergui, Majed, et al.
(författare)
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Progress and prospects in nonlinear extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray optics and spectroscopy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature reviews physics. - 2522-5820. ; :5, s. 578-596
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Free-electron lasers and high-harmonic-generation table-top systems are new sources of extreme-ultraviolet to hard X-ray photons, providing ultrashort pulses that are intense, coherent and tunable. They are enabling a broad range of nonlinear optical and spectroscopic methods at short wavelengths, similar to those developed in the terahertz to ultraviolet regimes over the past 60 years. The extreme-ultraviolet to X-ray wavelengths access core transitions that can provide element and orbital selectivity, structural resolution down to the sub-nanometre scale and, for some methods, high momentum transfers across typical Brillouin zones; the possibilities for polarization control and sub-femtosecond time resolution are opening up new frontiers in research. In this Roadmap, we review the emergence of this field over the past 10 years or so, covering methods such as sum or difference frequency generation and second-harmonic generation, two-photon absorption, stimulated emission or Raman spectroscopy and transient grating spectroscopy. We then discuss the unique opportunities provided by these techniques for probing elementary dynamics in a wide variety of systems. X-ray free-electron lasers and high-harmonic-generation sources of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) to hard X-ray photons deliver intense ultrashort pulses and enable the extension of nonlinear methods to much shorter wavelengths.EUV to X-ray wavelengths access core transitions that can provide element and orbital selectivity. These wavelengths also achieve sub-nanometre structural resolution and high momentum transfer, with femtosecond and attosecond time resolution.Nonlinear EUV/X-ray methods that have emerged include sum or difference frequency generation, parametric down-conversion, second-harmonic generation, two-photon absorption, stimulated emission or Raman spectroscopy and transient grating spectroscopy.Nonlinear EUV/X-ray science is developing hand-in-hand with instrumentation, to improve pulse features and enhance accessibility with the use of table-top systems or compact accelerators.These techniques offer unique opportunities for probing dynamical events in a wide variety of systems, including surface and interface processes, chirality, nanoscale transport and multidimensional core-level spectroscopy. New sources of extreme-ultraviolet to hard X-ray photons have enabled a wide range of short-wavelength nonlinear optical and spectroscopic methods over the past decade, and, for the future, offer unique opportunities to probe elementary dynamics in various systems.
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| 2. |
- Ksenzov, Dmitriy, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoscale Transient Magnetization Gratings Created and Probed by Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Pulses
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nano Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 21:7, s. 2905-2911
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We utilize coherent femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses from a free electron laser (FEL) to generate transient periodic magnetization patterns with periods as short as 44 nm. Combining spatially periodic excitation with resonant probing at the M-edge of cobalt allows us to create and probe transient gratings of electronic and magnetic excitations in a CoGd alloy. In a demagnetized sample, we observe an electronic excitation with a rise time close to the FEL pulse duration and similar to 0.5 ps decay time indicative of electron-phonon relaxation. When the sample is magnetized to saturation in an external field, we observe a magnetization grating, which appears on a subpicosecond time scale as the sample is demagnetized at the maxima of the EUV intensity and then decays on the time scale of tens of picoseconds via thermal diffusion. The described approach opens multiple avenues for studying dynamics of ultrafast magnetic phenomena on nanometer length scales.
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| 3. |
- Young, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-4075 .- 1361-6455. ; 51:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (1020 W cm-2) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (∼50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths. For context, timescales can be referenced to the Bohr orbital period in hydrogen atom of 150 attoseconds and the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds; wavelength scales can be referenced to the chemically significant carbon K-edge at a photon energy of ∼280 eV (44 Ångstroms) and the bond length in methane of ∼1 Ångstrom. With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms). These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored. The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry. This roadmap coincides with the year when three new XFEL facilities, operating at Ångstrom wavelengths, opened for users (European XFEL, Swiss-FEL and PAL-FEL in Korea) almost doubling the present worldwide number of XFELs, and documents the remarkable progress in HHG capabilities since its discovery roughly 30 years ago, showcasing experiments in AMO physics and other applications. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science.
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