| 1. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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An experiment on ascending evacuation on a long, stationary escalator
- 2016
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Ingår i: Interflam 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ascending evacuation is becoming more relevant with underground stations reaching increasing depths. Therefore there is need for better understanding of the effects of physical exertion during evacuation. An experiment was conducted in a 61 m long, stationary escalator in Stockholm (Sweden) in order to obtain data on walking speeds, resting and behavior, which consisted on measuring the walking speed and gathering data about the perceived exertion of test participants walking up the escalator. The walking speeds of 29 single individuals and a group of 21 individuals were obtained. The results showed that people decrease their walking speed with the height, and some of them need to take breaks along the climb. No clear influence of background participants’ variables was found on the results. In the group experiment, the slower people had an impact on the walking speed of others due to the reduced space between them at the beginning of the climb. However, the slower participants gradually move to the right hand of the escalator to allow overtaking on the left hand side, and the faster ones could move at their preferred speed. This behavior is similar that observed during regular use of escalators.
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| 2. |
- Broström (red), Tor, et al.
(författare)
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Brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden: En kunskapsöversikt
- 2021
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract [sv] Arbetet med brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden kräver anpassade lösningar som också kan tillgodose ett bevarande av byggnaderna och deras kulturvärden. Det finns, utspritt, mycket kunskap och erfarenhet inom det här området både i Sverige och internationellt. För att tillgodose ett behov av samlad kunskap inom detta område initierade Brandforsk en kunskapsöversikt tillsammans med Akademiska hus, Fortifikationsverket, Kammarkollegiet, Kyrkans försäkring, Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens fastighetsverk. Den här kunskapsöversikten syftar till att sammanställa och presentera den kunskap som finns. Ett kompletterande syfte är att definiera områden där kunskap saknas. Kunskapsöversikten är indelad i sex områden: 2. Skydd mot brands uppkomst 3. Spridning av brand inom byggnad 4. Spridning av brand till byggnad 5. Brandens påverkan på byggnadens stomme 6. Utrymning 7. Räddningstjänstens insats Med utgångspunkt från workshops har en sammanställning av behovsbilden gjorts. Kunskapsöversikten och behovsbilden ligger till grund för en gap-analys vilken pekar på behov av fortsatt forskning och utveckling. Abstract [en] Working with fire safety in historic buildings requires adapted solutions that can also satisfy the preservation of the buildings and their cultural values. There is a lot of knowledge and experience in this area both in Sweden and internationally. In order to make this available to end users, Brandforsk initiated a literature review together with a group of national sponsors. This literature review aims to compile and present the documented knowledge in the field. A complementary purpose is to define knowledge gaps. The review is divided into six areas: 2. Fire prevention 3. Fire spread within buildings 4. Fire spread between structures 5. Structural fire resistance 6. Evacuation 7. Fire and rescue service activities Based on workshops the needs of end users have been compiled. A comparison of the outcome of the review and the end user needs defines a knowledge gap pointing to the need for continued research and development.
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| 3. |
- Delin, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Ascending evacuation - Walking speed in stairs as a function of height
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Behaviour in fire : 6th International Symposium - 6th International Symposium. - 9780993393303 ; , s. 155-160
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During ascending evacuation in long stairs, there is reason to believe that factors such as fatigue, and change in human behaviour will influence the possibility of satisfactory evacuation and affect the ascending walking speed. Based on these assumption, a 2-year research project was initiated at Lund University. This paper gives a brief description of the project and highlight some initial findings according ascending walking speed and effects of fatigue.
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| 4. |
- Delin, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Ascending stair evacuation : walking speed as a function of height
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 41:5, s. 514-534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is reason to believe that factors such as physical exertion and behavioural changes will influence the ascending walking speed and ultimately the possibility of satisfactory evacuation. To study these effects, a 2-year research project was initiated with the focus on effects of physical exertion on walking speeds, physiological performance and behaviours during long ascending evacuations. Two sets of experiments on human performance during ascending long stairs, with a height of 48 and 109 m, were performed. The results include aspects such as walking speeds, physical exertion (oxygen consumption, heart rates and electromyography data), perceived exertion and behavioural changes, showing that physical work capacity affects walking speeds in case of long ascending evacuation and should be considered while using long ascending evacuation. Analysis of both walking and vertical speeds is recommended because it provides additional insights on the impact of stair configuration on vertical displacement and the importance of not using the same value for walking speed for different stairs because the design of the stairs has an impact. The novel datasets presented in this paper are deemed to provide useful information for fire safety engineers both for assisting fire safety design as well as the calibration of evacuation modelling tools.
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| 5. |
- Delin, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Fysisk ansträngning vid utrymning uppför trappor – Kunskapsöversikt
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This literature review is an initial part of a larger research project that deals with evacuation upwards long stairs and physical exertion. The literature review focused on identifying the current state of published knowledge regarding how physical exertion influence people when evacuating upward long stairs and if there are specific design requirements for stairs intended primarily for upward movement.
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| 6. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Undermarksanläggningar utmaning för både brandskyddsprojektörer och utrymmande människor
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bygg & teknik. - 0281-658X. ; 6:14, s. 36-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Växande storstäder och ett ökat byggande under mark har gjort att undermarksanläggningar för bland annat transportsystem ökat i antal under de senaste decennierna. Tun- nelsystem för till exempel väg- och järnvägstunnlar har dessutom inte bara ökat i antal, utan också blivit längre och anlagts allt djupare under mark. Detta skapar nya ut- maningar för utrymmande personer och för den projekterande ingenjö- ren som ska dimensionera utrym- ningssäkerheten i de djupt belägna byggnadsverken. Det rådande kun- skapsläget om vad som händer när människor ska utrymma längre sträckor uppåt och hur en projektör ska hantera de nya utmaningarna är dock bristfälliga. Bristen på forsk- ningsresultat och riktlinjer kan äventyra säkerheten, något som uppmärksammats i en nyligen publi- cerad litteraturstudie om utrymning uppför längre trappor.
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| 7. |
- Guldåker, Nicklas, et al.
(författare)
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Residential Fires in Metropolitan Areas: Living Conditions and Fire Prevention
- 2023
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Ingår i: Residential Fire Safety : An Interdisciplinary Approach - An Interdisciplinary Approach. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2731-3646 .- 2731-3638. - 9783031063244 - 9783031063251 ; :1, s. 307-326
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses the benefits of geo-statistical approaches in fire prevention processes, especially in the prevention of residential fires in urban areas. The aim is to demonstrate how residential fire incidents can be theorized and placed in a context where geo-statistical techniques and an area-based approach can support the emergency services fire prevention work. The chapter introduces theoretical concepts such as Fire Risk Environment, Fire Protection Capability, as well as determining factors, types of residential fires, and various hypotheses for further analysis of residential fires in urban contexts. Key themes are the development of residential fire incidents in different metropolitan areas over time, how different types of residential fires can be connected to living conditions, and finally how the emergency services and other actors can work with area-based fire prevention. Examples from Sweden’s major cities and especially the city of Gothenburg are used. The results show that variations in spatial residential fire patterns can be explained by a variation of living conditions. The conditions may also look different depending on the residential area and housing conditions, and therefore, preventive strategies and proactive measures should differ between and within cities and be adapted to specific different areas.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Halder, Amitava, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations of oxygen uptake and leg muscle activity during ascending evacuation in stairways
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870. ; 66, s. 52-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stair ascending performance is critical during evacuation from buildings and underground infrastructures. Healthy subjects performed self-paced ascent in three settings: 13 floor building, 31 floor building, 33 m stationary subway escalator. To investigate leg muscle and cardiorespiratory capacities and how they constrain performance, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and ascending speed were measured in all three; electromyography (EMG) in the first two. The VO2 and HR ranged from 89-96 % of the maximum capacity reported in the literature. The average highest VO2 and HR ranged from 39-41 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 162-174 b·min-1, respectively. The subjects were able to sustain their initial preferred maximum pace for a short duration, while the average step rate was 92-95 steps·min-1. In average, VO2 reached relatively stable values at ≈37 mL·kg-1·min-1. EMG amplitudes decreased significantly and frequencies were unchanged. Speed reductions indicate that climbing capacity declined in the process of fatigue development. In the two buildings, the reduction of muscle power allowed the subjects to extend their tolerance and complete ascents in the 48 m and 109 m high stairways in 2.9 and 7.8 minutes, respectively. Muscle activity interpretation squares were developed and proved advantageous to observe fatigue and recovery over time.
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