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| 2. |
- Akbari-Saatlu, Mehdi, et al.
(författare)
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H2S gas sensing based on SnO2thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis on Al2O3substrate
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS). - 9781728194318
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- H2S gas is harmful for human health and environment, therefore novel gas sensors for real time and fast detection with high precision have been sought. Metal oxides are already known as promising candidate for this purpose. This article presents the performance of a gas sensor consists of a microheater and active layer formed on single alumina substrate for operating at high temperature applications. Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition method was used to make both thick layer of SnO2 for microheater and thin and porous crystalline layer of SnO2 as sensing layer. The prepared sensor showed suitable dynamic response towards 10 to 50 ppm of H2S gas both in humid and dry conditions at 450 °C. In these experiments, the cross sensitivity of the sensor was also checked for other interfering gases e.g. CH4 and NO2.
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| 3. |
- Akbari-Saatlu, Mehdi, et al.
(författare)
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Nanometer-Thick ZnO/SnO2Heterostructures Grown on Alumina for H2S Sensing
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Nano Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0970. ; 5:5, s. 6954-6963
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designing heterostructure materials at the nanoscale is a well-known method to enhance gas sensing performance. In this study, a mixed solution of zinc chloride and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, dissolved in ethanol solvent, was used as the initial precursor for depositing the sensing layer on alumina substrates using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method. Several ZnO/SnO2 heterostructures were grown by applying different ratios in the initial precursors. These heterostructures were used as active materials for the sensing of H2S gas molecules. The results revealed that an increase in the zinc chloride in the USP precursor alters the H2S sensitivity of the sensor. The optimal working temperature was found to be 450 °C. The sensor, containing 5:1 (ZnCl2: SnCl2·2H2O) ratio in the USP precursor, demonstrates a higher response than the pure SnO2 (∼95 times) sample and other heterostructures. Later, the selectivity of the ZnO/SnO2 heterostructures toward 5 ppm NO2, 200 ppm methanol, and 100 ppm of CH4, acetone, and ethanol was also examined. The gas sensing mechanism of the ZnO/SnO2 was analyzed and the remarkably enhanced gas-sensing performance was mainly attributed to the heterostructure formation between ZnO and SnO2. The synthesized materials were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectra to investigate the material distribution, grain size, and material quality of ZnO/SnO2 heterostructures.
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| 4. |
- Akbari-Saatlu, Mehdi, et al.
(författare)
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Silicon Nanowires for Gas Sensing : A Review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 10:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique electronic properties of semiconductor nanowires, in particular silicon nanowires (SiNWs), are attractive for the label-free, real-time, and sensitive detection of various gases. Therefore, over the past two decades, extensive efforts have been made to study the gas sensing function of NWs. This review article presents the recent developments related to the applications of SiNWs for gas sensing. The content begins with the two basic synthesis approaches (top-down and bottom-up) whereby the advantages and disadvantages of each approach have been discussed. Afterwards, the basic sensing mechanism of SiNWs for both resistor and field effect transistor designs have been briefly described whereby the sensitivity and selectivity to gases after different functionalization methods have been further presented. In the final words, the challenges and future opportunities of SiNWs for gas sensing have been discussed.
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| 5. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of complex refractive index of SU-8 by Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation method at the wavelength range 2.5 – 22.0 μm
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4073 .- 1879-1352. ; 224, s. 309-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate determination of the complex refractive index of SU-8 epoxy has significant for the wide variety of applications in optical sensor technology at IR range. The complex refractive index of SU-8 is determined by recording the transmission of light spectra for the wavelength range of 2.5 – 22.0 μm. The data analysis is based on the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation method. The method has several merits, such as ease of operation, non-contact technique, measurement accuracy, and rapid measurement. The present method is not restricted to the case of SU-8 but it is also proposed to be applicable across a broad range of applications, such as assessment of the optical properties of paints and biomedical samples.
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| 6. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a CO2 sensitive thermopile with an integrated multilayered infrared absorber by using a long path length NDIR platform
- 2018
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Ingår i: I2MTC 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. - : IEEE. - 9781538622223 ; , s. 1-6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a mid-infrared-sensitive thermopile detector was evaluated for carbon dioxide gas. The thermopile has an integrated absorber structure that has more than 95% absorption for the wavelength range of 3.3-5.5 μm. For the measurement of carbon dioxide, the detector was initially assembled on a small printed circuit board holder and then installed in a long path length non-dispersive infrared platform. The measurement setup was calibrated by exposing the detector to carbon dioxide of known concentrations (from 50 ppm to 1,300 ppm) and measuring the corresponding voltage response of the detector. The measured voltage values allowed us to calculate the calibration constant for this detector. This was followed by a verification process using a concentration of 500 ppm (which was not used in the calibration) and a known value of 1,300 ppm. The verification results matched with real values, demonstrating that the sensor can be used for highly sensitive and accurate carbon dioxide measurements at concentrations from a few ppm level up to 1,300 ppm. Above this level, additional calibration is needed.
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| 7. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication and characterization of a SU8-epoxy membrane based thermopile detector with an integrated multilayered absorber structure for the mid-IR region
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 19:11, s. 4000-4007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a thermopile detector with an integrated mid-infrared absorber structure. The fabricated absorber structure has shown an absorption of more than 95% in the wavelength range of 3.2 – 5.47 μm. The detector was fabricated with standard cleanroom process techniques and equipment. The serial resistance was measured at about 315 kΩ at room temperature. The photosensitivity of the detector was characterized for a signle wavelength (4.26 µm) and a band of wavelength ranging from 2.5 –5.5 µm through two different measurement setups. In the first measurement setup, the photosensitivity was estimated at 57.5 V·mm2·W-1 through a MEMS-based infrared radiation source and with an optical band-pass filter of wavelength 4.26µm. The following characterization was performed to characterise the photosensitivity of the detector in a broader wavelength range. This measurement was taken using a monochromator setup utilizing a reference photodetector for calculations of the optical power of the infrared source. The photosensitivity and the specific detectivity (D*) of the fabricated detector were measured to values of 30-92 V·W-1 and 8.0×107-2.4×108 cm·Hz1/2·W-1, respectively, in the wavelength range of 2.8 – 5 µm. The time constant was estimated to around 21 ms
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| 8. |
- Ashraf, Shakeel, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Thermoelectric Properties of n-Type Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Thin Film by Using a Simple Measurement Method
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 12:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a micrometre thin film of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is characterized for thermoelectric properties. The sample was prepared through mechanical exfoliation of a molybdenite crystal. The Seebeck coefficient measurement was performed by generating a temperature gradient across the sample and recording the induced electrical voltage, and for this purpose a simple measurement setup was developed. In the measurement, platinum was utilized as reference material in the electrodes. The Seebeck value of MoS2 was estimated to be approximately -600 mu V/K at a temperature difference of 40 degrees C. The negative sign indicates that the polarity of the material is n-type. For measurement of the thermal conductivity, the sample was sandwiched between the heat source and the heat sink, and a steady-state power of 1.42 W was provided while monitoring the temperature difference across the sample. Based on Fourier's law of conduction, the thermal conductivity of the sample was estimated to be approximately 0.26 Wm(-1) K-. The electrical resistivity was estimated to be 29 Omega cm. The figure of merit of MoS2 was estimated to be 1.99 x 10(-4).
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| 9. |
- Gaynullin, Bakhram, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Advanced Pressure Compensation in High Accuracy NDIR Sensors for Environmental Studies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 23:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of atmospheric gas concentrations using of NDIR gas sensors requires compensation of ambient pressure variations to achieve reliable result. The extensively used general correction method is based on collecting data for varying pressures for a single reference concentration. This one-dimensional compensation approach is valid for measurements carried out in gas concentrations close to reference concentration but will introduce significant errors for concentrations further away from the calibration point. For applications, requiring high accuracy, collecting, and storing calibration data at several reference concentrations can reduce the error. However, this method will cause higher demands on memory capacity and computational power, which is problematic for cost sensitive applications. We present here an advanced, but practical, algorithm for compensation of environmental pressure variations for relatively low-cost/high resolution NDIR systems. The algorithm consists of a two-dimensional compensation procedure, which widens the valid pressure and concentrations range but with a minimal need to store calibration data, compared to the general one-dimensional compensation method based on a single reference concentration. The implementation of the presented two-dimensional algorithm was verified at two independent concentrations. The results show a reduction in the compensation error from 5.1% and 7.3%, for the one-dimensional method, to −0.02% and 0.83% for the two-dimensional algorithm. In addition, the presented two-dimensional algorithm only requires calibration in four reference gases and the storing of four sets of polynomial coefficients used for calculations.
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