| 1. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Equity effects of congestion pricing. Quantitative methodology and a case study for Stockholm
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 40:7, s. 602-620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely recognised that congestion pricing could be an effective measure to solve environmental and congestion problems in urban areas—a reform that normally also would generate a net welfare surplus. Despite this the implementation of congestion pricing has been very slow. One reason for a low public and political acceptance could be that equity impacts have not been given enough concern. In studies of distributional impacts of congestion pricing it has often been claimed that the reform is regressive rather than progressive even if there are studies claiming the opposite. We develop a method for detailed, quantitative assessment of equity effects of road pricing and apply it to a real-world example, namely a proposed congestion-charging scheme for Stockholm. The method simultaneously takes into account differences in travel behaviour, in preferences (such as values of time) and in supply of travel possibilities (car ownership, public transport level-of-service etc.). We conclude that the two most important factors for the net impact of congestion pricing are the initial travel patterns and how revenues are used. Differences in these respects dwarf differences in other factors such as values of time. This is accentuated by the fact that the total collected charges are more than three times as large as the net benefits. With respect to different groups, we find that men, high-income groups and residents in the central parts of the city will be affected the most. If revenues are used for improving public transport, this will benefit women and low-income groups the most. If revenues are used for tax cuts, the net benefits will be about equal for men and women on the average, while it naturally will benefit high-income groups. Given that it is likely that the revenues will be used to some extent to improve the public transport system, we conclude that the proposed congestion-charging scheme for Stockholm is progressive rather than regressive.
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| 2. |
- Fosgerau, M., et al.
(författare)
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A note on the invariance of the distribution of the maximum
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Mathematical Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0304-4068 .- 1873-1538. ; 74, s. 56-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many models in economics involve discrete choices where a decision-maker selects the best alternative from a finite set. Viewing the array of values of the alternatives as a random vector, the decision-maker draws a realization and chooses the alternative with the highest value. The analyst is then interested in the choice probabilities and in the value of the best alternative. The random vector has the invariance property if the distribution of the value of a specific alternative, conditional on that alternative being chosen, is the same, regardless of which alternative is considered. This note shows that the invariance property holds if and only if the marginal distributions of the random components are positive powers of each other, even when allowing for quite general statistical dependence among the random components. We illustrate the analytical power of the invariance property by way of examples.
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| 3. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing the returns to entrepreneurship by a modified Lazear model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modified version of Lazear’s model (in American Economic Review, 94, 208-211, 2004, Journal of Labor Economics, 23, 649–680, 2005) for occupational choice is formulated. It includes a utility adjustment factor that captures the combined effect of nonpecuniary benefits and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurship. We show that the counterfactual income returns to entrepreneurship are lower than the market value of entrepreneurial talent and higher than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Moreover, if the skill profiles in the population are Fréchet-distributed, the ratio between the expected incomes of entrepreneurs and observationally similar wage employees is lower than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Thus, entrepreneurs will on average earn less than wage employees if the utility adjustment factor is greater than or equal to one. It is also shown that the self-selection bias related to this income ratio or returns measure increases with the observed percentage of entrepreneurs. Swedish employment data are used to calibrate the modified Lazear model. The empirical results indicate that uncertainty considerations might be more important for the occupational choices than nonpecuniary benefits.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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The income return to entrepreneurship : theoretical model and outcomes for Swedish regions
- 2018
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Nature. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 61:3, s. 479-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the income return to entrepreneurship and wage employment by means of Lazear's model of occupational choice. The paper has two major aims. The first is to develop a new theoretical framework for analyzing the income return to entrepreneurship by combining the Lazear model with the assumption that the skill profiles in a population are Frechet-distributed. The second is to demonstrate that the resulting theoretical derivations can be used for a new type of regional analysis of the income return to entrepreneurship and wage employment. The empirical analysis is based on data for individuals with a Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. We compute their income return to self-employment and wage employment in three parts of Sweden: the Stockholm region, the combined Gothenburg and Malmo region, and the Rest of Sweden. The results show that the average return to self-employment is less than 5% in all regions and smaller in the Gothenburg and Malmo region than in the other two regions. The regional differences are explained by the differential supply curves and market values of entrepreneurial talent. The theoretical derivation of the income return to entrepreneurship is the main contribution of the paper. Another contribution is the derivation of regional supply curves for entrepreneurs.
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| 6. |
- Jenelius, Erik, Docent, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Resilience of transport systems
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Transportation. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 258-267
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Mattsson, Lars-Göran, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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An analytically solvable principal-agent model
- 2023
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Ingår i: Games and Economic Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-8256 .- 1090-2473. ; 140, s. 33-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze a principal-agent model with moral hazard where the principal is risk neutral while the agent is risk averse or risk neutral. The agent is free to choose any probability distribution over outcomes, where some distributions require more effort than others. The agent's effort-cost function is of "Legendre type" and satisfies an axiom of invariance under mergers of outcomes that are equally paid by the principal. We analyze a family of such effort-cost functions. For a canonical subclass of these, and arbitrary outcome spaces, the principal's contract problem allows for closed-form solutions. Optimal contracts then combine debt with a monotonic sharing rule for the surplus above a threshold chosen by the principal. When the agent is risk neutral, the contract boils down to a pure debt contract. For agents with unit degree of relative risk aversion, the surplus is divided in fixed shares.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson, Lars-Göran, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Network-based infrastructure vulnerability analysis : A critical review of recent Swedish studies
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent disasters such as the 2004 Thailand tsunami, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power accident and the 2012 Sandy hurricane sadly illustrate the vulnerability of modern societies. The far-reaching consequences of these disasters have often been possible to attribute partly to the increasing complexity of the socio-technical systems that modern life relies on. Everyday life, business, production and many critical societal functions are highly dependent on systems for information and telecommunication, power supply, transport, water provision, sewage handling, as well as financial transactions, just to mention a few critical societal infrastructure systems. Moreover, these different infrastructure systems tend to be increasingly dependent on each other. This means that the consequences of a collapse in one infrastructure system can spread widely and be difficult to predict. The ongoing climate change is likely to make extreme weather even more common, which will intensify the consequences and uncertainties of such events for the society. Sweden is a country with a very low risk of earthquakes and where adverse weather conditions tend to be less dramatic than in most other countries. Still, hurricanes, heavy snow storms and flooding due to continuous raining are not uncommon. Preventing emergencies and disasters, reducing their consequences and improving the resilience of the infrastructure systems are important national, regional and local political goals. In this presentation we will review some recent research in Sweden on the vulnerability of network-based infrastructure systems, concentrating on power distribution and transport systems. We will present and compare various methodological approaches that have been applied. To what extent is it possible to use an approach developed for one system for analyzing another system? We will critically discuss how useful these approaches are, or could be, for planning, maintenance and operation of the infrastructure systems in order to increase their robustness and resilience. We will also identify important knowledge gaps and alternative approaches where further research could be particularly fruitful.
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| 9. |
- Mattsson, Lars-Göran, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Transportsystemets sårbarhet och resiliens
- 2015
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Ingår i: Slutrapport från Ramforskningsprogrammet PRIVAD. - Lund : Lunds universtitet. ; , s. 54-65
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Oakes, Benjamin Donald, et al.
(författare)
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A Systems-Based Risk Assessment Framework for Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) on Critical Infrastructures
- 2018
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Ingår i: Risk Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0272-4332 .- 1539-6924. ; 38:6, s. 1279-1305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern infrastructures are becoming increasingly dependent on electronic systems, leaving them more vulnerable to electrical surges or electromagnetic interference. Electromagnetic disturbances appear in nature, e.g., lightning and solar wind; however, they may also be generated by man-made technology to maliciously damage or disturb electronic equipment. This article presents a systematic risk assessment framework for identifying possible, consequential, and plausible intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) attacks on an arbitrary distribution network infrastructure. In the absence of available data on IEMI occurrences, we find that a systems-based risk assessment is more useful than a probabilistic approach. We therefore modify the often applied definition of risk, i.e., a set of triplets containing scenario, probability, and consequence, to a set of quadruplets: scenario, resource requirements, plausibility, and consequence. Probability is replaced by resource requirements and plausibility, where the former is the minimum amount and type of equipment necessary to successfully carry out an attack scenario and the latter is a subjective assessment of the extent of the existence of attackers who possess the motivation, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the scenario. We apply the concept of intrusion areas and classify electromagnetic source technology according to key attributes. Worst-case scenarios are identified for different quantities of attacker resources. The most plausible and consequential of these are deemed the most important scenarios and should provide useful decision support in a countermeasures effort. Finally, an example of the proposed risk assessment framework, based on notional data, is provided on a hypothetical water distribution network.
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