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- Berg, Per E O, et al.
(författare)
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Myter, misstro och moment 22
- 2004
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Ingår i: Sopor hit och dit - på vinst och förlust. - 9154059208 ; , s. 173-184
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Gunnarsson, Carina C., et al.
(författare)
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Water hyacinths as a resource in agriculture and energy production : a literature review
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 27:1, s. 117-129
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water hyacinths are becoming a problem in lakes, ponds and waterways in many parts of the world. This paper contains a literature study of different ways to use water hyacinths, mainly in agricultural or alternative energy systems. The literature review indicated that water hyacinths can be rich in nitrogen, up to 3.2% of DM and have a C/N ratio around 15. The water hyacinth can be used as a substrate for compost or biogas production. The sludge from the biogas process contains almost all of the nutrients of the substrate and can be used as a fertiliser. The use of water hyacinth compost on different crops has resulted in improved yields. The high protein content makes the water hyacinth possible to use as fodder for cows, goats, sheep and chickens. Water hyacinth, due to its abundant growth and high concentrations of nutrients, has a great potential as fertiliser for the nutrient deficient soils of Africa and as feed for livestock. Applying the water hyacinths directly without any other processing than sun drying, seems to be the best alternative in small-scale use due to the relatively small losses of nutrients and workload required. To meet the ever-growing energy demand, biogas production could be one option but it requires investments and technological skills that would impose great problems in developing countries where the water hyacinth is often found. Composting as an alternative treatment has the advantage of a product that is easy to work into the soil compared with dried water hyacinths, because of the decomposed structure. Harvesting and transport of water hyacinths can be conducted manually on a small scale and does not require a new harvesting technique to be introduced. Transporting of fresh water hyacinths means, if used as fertiliser in amounts large enough to enhance or effect crop growth, an unreasonably large labour requirement. Based on the labour need and the limited access to technology, using dried water hyacinths, as green manure is a feasible alternative in many developing countries. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson Petersen, Cecilia, 1970
(författare)
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Conditions and Constraints for Waste Management. Collection, Characterisation and Producer Responsibility in Sweden
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Waste management has changed from being mainly a question of transporting out of sight to being an issue entwined in all parts of society, from product planning to the private domestic sphere. This has imposed new conditions and constraints for waste management, the description of which is the objective of this thesis. The overall policy in Sweden is that all waste should be treated according to its characteristics and reincorporated into societal material flows. The main aim is to reduce the quantities of household waste generated and the amounts sent to landfill. To give waste management a broader perspective and to establish a waste hierarchy, producer responsibility legislation was introduced in Sweden in 1994. According to this, paper/newsprint and packaging waste have to be sorted at source and collected separately. Source separation is today an established part of legislation and public thinking and is probably here to stay so waste management providers must adapt to this situation. In order to obtain high participation rates in source separation programmes, they have to be designed so as to decrease any barriers to participation. The design of collection systems has many aspects since they must be both technically feasible and accepted and understood by the public. Recurring and adequate information to households are is very important for the function of the collection system, but both these and other design parameters should be adapted to local conditions. The differences in the systems used in Sweden today do not lie mainly in technical features but rather in how, why, by and for whom they were developed. To plan waste management, the characteristics of the waste must be known, due to temporal and regional variations these are best evaluated through waste component analysis. The aim of such analysis determines the level on which it should be conducted: national, regional or household level. When post-collection sampling is possible at a treatment plant, the procedure can be made more efficient and less resource-demanding. The methods for waste component analysis presented in this thesis can be a useful tool in future waste management planning.
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| 9. |
- Mattsson Petersen, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Hushållsavfall i Borlänge kommun : analyser av material en och flerfamiljshus
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Borlänge, source separation has been the basis for management of household waste for over five years. This report reviews today?s system and gives a model for further follow-up through waste grouping. In the basic system waste is separated into three fractions: biodegradable, waste to energy and waste to landfill. All waste is packed in plastic bags, put in separate containers for each fraction, and collected from the property. Separate analyses were made of waste from single family houses and apartment buildings. The amount of waste per household and week, number of non-sorted bags, purity, recovery rate and density of each fraction was calculated. The amount of packaging collected together with the household waste is given. Material collected under the Swedish law of Producers? Responsibility is not covered in this report.
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| 10. |
- Mattsson Petersen, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Hushållsavfall i Falu kommun - Analyser av material en och flerfamiljshus
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det är nästan fem år sedan Falun införde ett system för källsortering av hushållsavfall som omfattar hela kommunen. Idag finns ett behov av uppföljning och kartläggning av dagsläget: Hur fungerar sorteringen vad det gäller deltagande, renhet och kvalitet på utsorterade fraktioner samt återvinningsgrad. Inom ramen för denna studie har vi tagit fram en modell för plockanalys som kan användas som en del av denna uppföljning samt testat densamma. I grundsystemet finns tre fraktioner: Komposterbart, brännbart och övrigt. Det avfall som dag omfattas av producent ansvaret ska konsumenterna själva transportera till uppsamlingsplats/ återvinningsstation. De krav Falu kommun ställde på provtagningen var: Provtagningsmodellen avser endast material som omfattas av det kommunala ansvaret Provtagningen skall ske vid behandlingsanläggningen Provtagning skall göras så att det är möjlig att jämföra hur en- och flerfamiljshushåll sorterar. Plockanalysen skulle visa hur: rena fraktionerna är och vad ev. föroreningar utgörs av. stor andel av påsarna som var helt osorterade/gravt felsorterade. stor andel av hushållsavfallet som utgörs av material som omfattas av producentansvaret. viktfördelningen mellan elva fraktioner. Prov togs tre ggr per fraktion och områdestyp. Proverna delades ned till lämplig storlek för analys genom rutprovtagning vid behandlingsanläggningen. Skrymdensiteter för källsorterat hushållsavfall beräknade i samband med provtagning. Beräkningarna visade på relativt små skillnader mellan densiteter från en- resp. flerfamiljshus. 126 kg/m3 för avfall från enfamiljshus och 101 kg/m3 för avfall från flerfamiljshus. Hushållen producerade i snitt ca 7 kg avfall per vecka (en- och flerfamiljshus), varav 3.0 (enfamiljshus) och 2.4 (flerfamiljshus) kg organiskt avfall. Det fanns vissa skillnader i (funktionell) renhet mellan en- och flerfamiljshushållen. Den funktionella renheten var högst i den komposterbara fraktionen från enfamiljshus, 98% som skall jämföras med 96% för flerfamiljshushåll. Inom den brännbara fraktionen fanns inga mätbara skillnaderna, den funktionella renheten var 97% för både en- och . flerfamiljshushåll. Restavfallet från flerfamiljshushåll hade en rättsorteringsgrad på 9% och restavfallet från enfamiljshushåll innehöll endast 8% rättsorterat material. Återvinningsgraden för komposterbart material låg mellan 66-78%, för brännbart på mellan 74-80%.
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