| 1. |
- Bertram, Michael G., et al.
(författare)
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Frontiers in quantifying wildlife behavioural responses to chemical pollution
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Reviews. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1464-7931 .- 1469-185X. ; 97:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal behaviour is remarkably sensitive to disruption by chemical pollution, with widespread implications for ecological and evolutionary processes in contaminated wildlife populations. However, conventional approaches applied to study the impacts of chemical pollutants on wildlife behaviour seldom address the complexity of natural environments in which contamination occurs. The aim of this review is to guide the rapidly developing field of behavioural ecotoxicology towards increased environmental realism, ecological complexity, and mechanistic understanding. We identify research areas in ecology that to date have been largely overlooked within behavioural ecotoxicology but which promise to yield valuable insights, including within- and among-individual variation, social networks and collective behaviour, and multi-stressor interactions. Further, we feature methodological and technological innovations that enable the collection of data on pollutant-induced behavioural changes at an unprecedented resolution and scale in the laboratory and the field. In an era of rapid environmental change, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of the real-world impacts of chemical pollution on wildlife behaviour. This review therefore provides a roadmap of the major outstanding questions in behavioural ecotoxicology and highlights the need for increased cross-talk with other disciplines in order to find the answers.
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| 2. |
- Cerveny, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Environmentally relevant concentration of caffeine : effect on activity and circadian rhythm in wild perch
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 29:36, s. 54264-54272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the ecological consequences of widespread caffeine contamination by conducting an experiment focused on changes in the behavioral traits of wild perch (Perca fluviatilis) after waterborne exposure to 10 μg L−1 of caffeine. We monitored fish swimming performance during both light and dark conditions to study the effect of caffeine on fish activity and circadian rhythm, using a novel three-dimensional tracking system that enabled positioning even in complete darkness. All individuals underwent three behavioral trials—before exposure, after 24 h of exposure, and after 5 days of exposure. We did not observe any effect of the given caffeine concentration on fish activity under light or dark conditions. Regardless of caffeine exposure, fish swimming performance was significantly affected by both the light-dark conditions and repeating of behavioral trials. Individuals in both treatments swam significantly more during the light condition and their activity increased with time as follows: before exposure < after 24 h of exposure < after 5 days of exposure. We confirmed that the three-dimensional automated tracking system based on infrared sensors was highly effective for conducting behavioral experiments under completely dark conditions.
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| 3. |
- McCallum, Erin S., et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective pharmaceutical implants in fish : validating the performance of slow-release implants for the antidepressant fluoxetine
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 42:6, s. 1326-1336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internal, slow-release implants can be an effective way to manipulate animal physiology or deliver a chemical exposure over long periods of time without the need for an exogenous exposure route. Slow-release implants involve dissolving a compound in a lipid-based carrier, which is inserted into the body of an organism. However, the release kinetics of the compound from the implant to body tissues also requires careful validation. We tested and validated a slow-release implant methodology for exposing fish to a pharmaceutical pollutant, fluoxetine. We tested two lipid-based carriers (coconut oil or vegetable shortening) in the common roach (Rutilus rutilus). The implants contained either a high (50 μg/g), low (25 μg/g), or control (0 μg/g) concentration of fluoxetine, and we measured tissue uptake in the brain, muscle, and plasma of implanted fish over 25 days. The two carriers released fluoxetine differently over time: coconut oil released fluoxetine in an accelerating manner (tissue uptake displayed a positive quadratic curvature), whereas vegetable shortening released fluoxetine in a decelerating manner (a negative quadratic curvature). For both carrier types, fluoxetine was measured at the highest concentration in the brain, followed by muscle and plasma. By comparing the implant exposures with waterborne exposures in the published literature, we showed that the implants delivered an internal exposure that would be similar if fish were exposed in surface waters containing effluents. Overall, we showed that slow-release internal implants are an effective method for delivering chronic exposures of fluoxetine over at least 1-month time scales. Internal exposures can be an especially powerful experimental tool when coupled with field-based study designs to assess the impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants in complex natural environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1–10. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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| 4. |
- McCallum, Erin S., et al.
(författare)
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Stability and uptake of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in nine-spine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) and water louse (Asellus aquaticus)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 26:9, s. 9371-9378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of human pharmaceuticals in the environment has garnered significant research attention because these compounds may exert therapeutic effects on exposed wildlife. Yet, for many compounds, there is still little research documenting their stability in the water column and uptake in organism tissues. Here, we measured the uptake and stability of methylphenidate (Ritalin (R), a frequently prescribed central nervous system stimulant) and its primary metabolite, ritalinic acid, in (1) water only or (2) with nine-spine stickleback and water louse. Methylphenidate degraded to ritalinic acid in both studies faster at a higher temperature (20 degrees C versus 10 degrees C), with concentrations of ritalinic acid surpassing methylphenidate after 48-100 h, depending on temperature. The concentration of methylphenidate in stickleback was highest at the first sampling point (60 min), while the concentration in water louse tissues reached comparatively higher levels and peaked after similar to 6 days. Neither stickleback nor water louse took up ritalinic acid in tissues despite being present in the water column. Our findings provide valuable data for use in future risk assessment of methylphenidate and will aid in the design of studies aimed at measuring any ecotoxicological effects on, for example, the behaviour or physiology of aquatic organisms.
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| 5. |
- Ågerstrand, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging investigator series : use of behavioural endpoints in the regulation of chemicals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:1, s. 49-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in behavioural ecotoxicology is growing, partly due to technological and computational advances in recording behaviours but also because of improvements of detection capacity facilitating reporting effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. The peer-reviewed literature now contains studies investigating the effects of chemicals, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals, on migration, dispersal, aggression, sociability, reproduction, feeding and anti-predator behaviours in vertebrates and invertebrates. To understand how behavioural studies could be used in regulatory decision-making we: (1) assessed the legal obstacles to using behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; (2) analysed the known cases of use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; and (3) provided examples of behavioural endpoints of relevance for population level effects. We conclude that the only legal obstacle to the use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation is whether an endpoint is considered to be relevant at the population level or not. We also conclude that ecotoxicity studies investigating behavioural endpoints are occasionally used in the EU chemicals regulation, and underscore that behavioural endpoints can be relevant at the population level. To improve the current use of behavioural studies in regulatory decision-making contribution from all relevant stakeholders is required. We have the following recommendations: (1) researchers should conduct robust, well-designed and transparent studies that emphasize the relevance of the study for regulation of chemicals; (2) editors and scientific journals should promote detailed, reliable and clearly reported studies; (3) regulatory agencies and the chemical industry need to embrace new behavioural endpoints of relevance at the population level.
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| 6. |
- Alanärä, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Hur stor behöver en ettårig öring eller lax vara? : förslag till en strategi för att sortera ut ensomrig fisk på hösten som blir smolt till våren
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett av de svåraste momenten inom kompensationsodling av lax och havsöring är att bedöma om fisken är tillräckligt stor för att utvecklas till ettårig smolt. Syftet med detta projekt var att testa en sorteringsstrategi för att förenkla denna bedömning för odlingspersonalen. Strategin gick ut på att ensomrig lax och öring på hösten delades upp i olika storleksklasser och under den kommande våren undersöktes deras prestanda som ettårig smolt i vandringsbassänger och i en bäck. På sensommaren eller hösten året innan odlad fisk ska vandra ut i havet startar den fysiologiska utvecklingen till smolt om fisken nått en viss kritisk storlek. Den exakta tidpunkten för när storleken ska ha uppnåtts är dock oklar vilket gör det svårt för personal på odlingarna att veta när fisken ska sorteras. Resultatet från detta projektvisade att en lax som är minst 10 cm lång i november med hög sannolikhet kommer att bli smolt till våren. Dessa laxar uppträdde i de flesta avseenden som en vandringsfärdig smolt följande vår och betedde sig mycket likt den tvååriga laxsmolten. Dock förekom det en storleksrelaterad predationsrisk i bäcken efter utsättning där ettårig lax drabbades i större utsträckning än tvåårig lax. Vi föreslår en strategi där laxen sorteras i tre storleksklasser i månadsskiftet augusti-september. Om någon av de tre storleksklasserna i medeltal ligger nära 10 cm i november föreslås en andra sortering för att plocka ut fisk större än 10 cm. All fisk mindre än 10 cm bör hållas kvar i odlingen och sättas ut som tvåårig smolt. För ettårig öring var resultaten mer komplexa. I vandringsbassängerna uppvisade fisk i storleksintervallet 10–16 cm ett beteende som indikerade att de var vandringsfärdiga smolt. Efter utsättningen i bäcken vandrade de dock mycket långsamt och predationen från i första hand skrattmås och fiskmås var hög, speciellt för de minsta öringarna. Jämfört med tvåårig öring var det få ettåriga individer som klarade att lämna bäcken efter utsättning. Om detta berodde på att de inte utvecklats till smolt eller om deras vandring i bäcken påverkades av predationsrisken i bäcken är oklart. Mer data behövs för att förstå den storleksrelaterade tröskeleffekten hos ettårig öring innan förslag på sorteringsrutiner kan ges. Vi föreslår att utsättningen av speciellt öring men också lax bör ske i en miljö med stort vattendjup och högt flöde för att minimera predationsrisken från i första hand fåglar.
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| 7. |
- Bertram, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of the impacts of pharmaceuticals on aquatic animal behaviour: a systematic map protocol
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2382. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Globally, there is growing concern over the impacts of pharmaceuticals and drug manufacturing on aquatic animals, and pharmaceuticals are now recognized as contaminants of emerging environmental concern. In recent years, scientists, environmental managers, and policymakers have been interested in using behavioural endpoints for chemical regulation, given their importance for ftness and survival. The body of research on whether and how pharmaceutical exposure alters the behaviour of aquatic animals has grown exponentially, making it diffcult to get an overview of the results. With an international spotlight on the management of these environmental threats, synthesizing the currently available data is vital to inform managers and policymakers, as well as highlighting areas where more research is needed. This is a protocol for a systematic evidence map (SEM) and serves as an a priori record of our objectives and methodological decisions. Our objectives are to identify, catalogue, and present primary research articles on the efects of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals on aquatic animal behaviour.Methods: The literature search will be conducted using two electronic databases: Web of Science and Scopus, and we will supplement these searches with additional sources. The search string has been developed using a Population–Exposure–Comparison–Outcome (PECO) framework, to capture articles that used an aquatic organism (P, population) to test the efects of a pharmaceutical (E, exposure) on behaviour (O, outcome). Eligible articles must also have a control group (C, comparison). Articles will be screened in two stages, title and abstract, followed by full-text screening before data extraction. Decision trees have been designed a priori to appraise articles for eligibility at both stages of screening. At both stages, screening each article will be completed by two independent reviewers. Study validity will be appraised but not used as a basis for article inclusion. The information extracted from the eligible articles, along with bibliometric data, will be mapped and displayed. All data associated with this SEM will be publicly available through the Open Science Framework (OSF) and a future project webpage.
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| 8. |
- Bose, Aneesh, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical pollution disrupts the behaviour and predator–prey interactions of two widespread aquatic insects
- 2022
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Ingår i: iScience. - : Elsevier BV. - 2589-0042. ; 25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmaceutical pollution represents a rapidly growing threat to ecosystems worldwide. Drugs are now commonly detected in the tissues of wildlife and have the potential to alter the natural expression of behavior, though relatively little is known about how pharmaceuticals impact predator-prey interactions. We conducted parallel laboratory experiments using larval odonates (dragonfly and damselfly nymphs) to investigate the effects of exposure to two pharmaceuticals, cetirizine and citalopram, and their mixture on the outcomes of predator-prey interactions. We found that exposure to both compounds elevated dragonfly activity and impacted their predation success and efficiency in complex ways. While exposure to citalopram reduced predation efficiency, exposure to cetirizine showed varied effects, with predation success being enhanced in some contexts but impaired in others. Our findings underscore the importance of evaluating pharmaceutical effects under multiple contexts and indicate that these compounds can affect predator-prey outcomes at sublethal concentrations.
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| 9. |
- Bose, Aneesh, et al.
(författare)
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Uptake, depuration, and behavioural effects of oxazepam on activity and foraging in a tropical snail (Melanoides tuberculata)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental advances. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-7657. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmaceuticals are increasingly being detected in surface waters around the globe, giving rise to concerns that they may alter the physiology and behaviour of aquatic organisms exposed in the wild. Invertebrates represent important components of many ecosystems and bear a high potential for transmitting pharmaceutical contaminants to higher trophic levels. Here, we present a laboratory study in which we exposed a freshwater tropical snail, Melanoides tuberculata, to a serial dilution of the benzodiazepine oxazepam ranging from 50 ng/L to 5 mg/L. We tested for subsequent behavioural effects, including locomotor activity and foraging propensity, at two diurnal time points (day and night), and across three days. We found that the snails displayed a high level of behavioural tolerance to all treatments of oxazepam except at the highest exposure, where locomotor and foraging activity declined. We also detected a weak non-monotonic response curve suggestive of behavioural disinhibition at moderate exposure levels. Regardless of treatment, the snails were also less active after three days of exposure and more active during nighttime observations. We measured the uptake of oxazepam in tissues across treatments, showing that it bioconcentrated at up to 29 times the water exposure level (BCF range: 7 - 29). Finally, we characterized the uptake/depuration pharmacokinetics of oxazepam in snail tissues across time, which revealed that the snails reach a steady state equilibrium in < 8 hours of exposure and depurate at a similar rate. Overall, our study suggests that snails such as M. tuberculata, due to their behavioural resilience and high bioconcentration potential, could act as vectors for pharmaceutical transfer throughout the food web in pharmaceutical-polluted habitats (e.g., wastewater outfalls).
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| 10. |
- Cerveny, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Water temperature affects the biotransformation and accumulation of a psychoactive pharmaceutical and its biologically active metabolite in aquatic organisms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been shown to accumulate in aquatic and riparian food-webs. Yet, our understanding of how temperature, a key environmental factor in nature, affects uptake, biotransformation, and the subsequent accumulation of PhACs in aquatic organisms is limited. In this study, we tested to what extent bioconcentration of an anxiolytic drugs (temazepam and oxazepam) is affected by two temperature regimes (10 and 20 °C) and how the temperature affects the temazepam biotransformation and subsequent accumulation of its metabolite (oxazepam) in aquatic organisms. We used European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and dragonfly larvae (Sympetrum sp.), which represent predator and prey species of high ecological relevance in food chains of boreal and temperate aquatic ecosystems. Experimental organisms were exposed to target pharmaceuticals at a range of concentrations (0.2–6 µg L−1) to study concentration dependent differences in bioconcentration and biotransformation. We found that the bioconcentration of temazepam in perch was significantly reduced at higher temperatures. Also, temperature had a strong effect on temazepam biotransformation in the fish, with the production and subsequent accumulation of its metabolite (oxazepam) being two-fold higher at 20 °C compared to 10 °C. In contrast, we found no temperature dependency for temazepam bioconcentration in dragonfly larvae and no detectable biotransformation of the parent compound that would result in measurable concentrations of oxazepam in this organism. Our results highlight that while organisms may share the same aquatic ecosystem, their exposure to PhACs may change differently across temperature gradients in the environment.
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