| 1. |
- Campos-Mercade, Pol, et al.
(författare)
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Monetary incentives increase COVID-19 vaccinations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 374:6569, s. 879-882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stalling COVID-19 vaccination rates threaten public health. To increase vaccination rates, governments across the globe are considering using monetary incentives. We present evidence on the effect of guaranteed payments on COVID-19 vaccination uptake. We ran a large pre-registered randomized controlled trial (N = 8,286) in Sweden and linked the data to population-wide administrative vaccination records. We found that modest monetary payments of $24 (SEK 200) increased vaccination rates by 4.2 percentage points (p = 0.005), from a baseline rate of 71.6%. In contrast, behavioral nudges increased stated intentions to vaccinate but had only small and not statistically significant impacts on vaccination rates. The results highlight the potential of modest monetary incentives to increase vaccination rates.
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| 2. |
- Meier, Florence, et al.
(författare)
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Emetor : An educational web-based design tool for permanent-magnet synchronous machines
- 2009
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Ingår i: ICEM. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781424417353 ; , s. 2238-2243
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An educational web-based design tool for permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) is presented in this article. This tool, named Emetor, has been developed to be used in an undergraduate course on permanent-magnet machines. The technical aspects behind the tool, such as the PMSM's design procedure and the program architecture are presented. The benefits of Emetor in an educational environment are described. Different learning activities are presented to illustrate the potential of Emetor, as well as its suitability for education.
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| 3. |
- Schneider, Florian H, et al.
(författare)
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Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 613:7944, s. 526-533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Financial incentives to encourage healthy and prosocial behaviours often trigger initial behavioural change, but a large academic literature warns against using them. Critics warn that financial incentives can crowd out prosocial motivations and reduce perceived safety and trust, thereby reducing healthy behaviours when no payments are offered and eroding morals more generally. Here we report findings from a large-scale, pre-registered study in Sweden that causally measures the unintended consequences of offering financial incentives for taking the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. We use a unique combination of random exposure to financial incentives, population-wide administrative vaccination records and rich survey data. We find no negative consequences of financial incentives; we can reject even small negative impacts of offering financial incentives on future vaccination uptake, morals, trust and perceived safety. In a complementary study, we find that informing US residents about the existence of state incentive programmes also has no negative consequences. Our findings inform not only the academic debate on financial incentives for behaviour change but also policy-makers who consider using financial incentives to change behaviour.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Burbano, Vanessa C., et al.
(författare)
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The Gender Gap in Meaningful Work
- 2023
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Ingår i: Management science. - Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI). - 0025-1909 .- 1526-5501.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An understanding of differences in nonmonetary work conditions is fundamental for a complete characterization of individuals’ well-being at work. Thus, to fully characterize gender inequalities in the labor market, scholars have begun to explore gender differences in nonmonetary work conditions. We examine one such condition—meaningful work—using nationally representative survey data linked with worker and employer administrative data. We document a large and expanding gender gap in meaningful work, wherein women experience their jobs as more meaningful than men do. We then explore patterns underlying this difference. We find little correlation between women’s higher experience of meaningful work and either labor market decisions related to first parenthood or women’s underrepresentation in leadership jobs. Instead, the gender gap appears to be highly correlated with the sorting of more women into occupations with a high level of beneficence: the sense of having a prosocial impact. Though both women and men experience such jobs as more meaningful, women do so by a larger margin. Next, we consider the relationship between the gender difference in meaningful work and the gender wage gap, contributing to the discussion on compensating differentials in work amenities. We find that, whereas the gender gap in meaningful work closes a substantial part of the wage gap in lower paid jobs, it does little to close the gap in higher paid jobs in which the gender wage gap is largest.
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| 6. |
- Fenstermacher, M.E., et al.
(författare)
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DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 62:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Meier, Sebastian B., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic Doping in Planar Ionic Transition Metal Complex-Based Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 23:28, s. 3531-3538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a planar electrode geometry, the operational mechanism of iridium(III) ionic transition metal complex (iTMC)-based light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) is studied by a combination of fluorescence microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). Applying a bias to the LECs leads to the quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) in between the electrodes and to a sharp drop of the electrostatic potential in the middle of the device, far away from the contacts. The results shed light on the operational mechanism of iTMC-LECs and demonstrate that these devices work essentially the same as LECs based on conjugated polymers do, i.e., according to an electrochemical doping mechanism. Moreover, with proceeding operation time the potential drop shifts towards the cathode coincident with the onset of light emission. During prolonged operation the emission zone and the potential drop both migrate towards the anode. This event is accompanied by a continuous quenching of the PL in two distinct regions separated by the emission line.
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| 9. |
- Meier, Stephan, et al.
(författare)
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Benchmark of annual energy production for different wind farm topologies
- 2005
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Ingår i: PESC Record - IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. - 0780390334 ; , s. 2073-2080
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wind power generation has become an established alternative power source. Especially large wind farms in remote or offshore locations are emerging strongly. Their grid connection demands new transmission solutions as distances increase. A newly proposed voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC transmission system looks promising compared to conventional AC and DC transmission systems. This paper presents a benchmark of the estimated annual energy production (AEP) of a 200 MW wind farm depending on the transmission distance and the average wind speed. The proposed system is compared to two state-of-the-art wind farm topologies: Variable-speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) and either AC or DC transmission systems. The benchmark comprises detailed drive-train, converter, transformer, distribution and transmission loss models. The total system losses as well as the loss distribution between the different components as a function of the transmission distance and the average wind speed allows important conclusions for future wind farm projects.
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| 10. |
- Meier, Stephan, et al.
(författare)
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Control Strategies for Mutually Commutated Converter Systems without Cycloconverter Turn-off Capability
- 2008
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Ingår i: EEE POWER ELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE RECORDS. - 9781424416677 ; , s. 1344-1350
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutually commutated converter systems consisting of a voltage source converter and a cycloconverter connected by a medium-frequency transformer allow bidirectional AC/DC conversion as well as voltage transformation and isolation by the transformer. However, such converter systems require an extra power conversion stage compared to conventional converter systems, which may result in low system efficiency despite the soft-switching commutation scheme. In order to reduce the power losses in the cycloconverter, it is desirable to utilize fast thyristors instead of IGBTs. As a consequence, the cycloconverter valves lack turn-off capability because a thyristor can not be turned off by its gate. This paper describes and evaluates the most common control strategies in order to control a thyristor-based cycloconverter in a mutually commutated converter system. The behaviour of the cycloconverter depends strongly on the chosen control strategy when one of the output currents approaches zero, which may inherently affect the harmonic properties of the output voltages and currents. Experimental results from a 20 kVA prototype show that it is possible to successfully operate a mutually commutated converter system without turn-off capability.
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