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- Ávila-Zúñiga Nordfjeld, Adriana, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Proposing a Mathematical Dynamic Model to Develop a National Maritime Security Assessment and Build a National Maritime Security Plan
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Maritime Research. - : Universidad de Cantabria. - 1697-4840 .- 1697-9133. ; 20:3, s. 123-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A proper assessment of maritime security risks at the national level is crucial to a national maritime security plan (NMSP) in order to secure the concerned country’s ports, vessels and territorial sea. Thus, the importance of implementing a national maritime security assessment (NMSA) to counter security threats and ensure the continuity of national and international trade. The most important set of international regulations concerning maritime security is the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which includes revision, approval and control of compliance of the Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP), which shall be based upon the Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA). This paper proposes a mathematical dynamic model that calculates in real time the residual risk for the whole country and each of its ports by adapting and expanding the formula and procedures established in the Code, which since it has already been implemented around the world, gives the opportunity to take advantage of this quantitative solution to administrate maritime security risks on a nation-wide basis and create an effective national maritime security plan, which would allow the concerned authorities to improve situational awareness and adapt to security changes through a better planning of human, economic and material resources to deter security threats. The model was tested with the use of five encoded categories as countries, each of them with three ports, which encompassed three port facilities. The results indicate that this methodology is easy to implement and widespread use of that model could strength robustness in national security.
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- Ávila-Zúñiga Nordfjeld, Adriana, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Applying the Legal Provisions of the ISPS Code to Streamline Cooperation between Government Authorities Involved in Maritime Security Duties
- 2021
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Ingår i: An Overview of Transport Law Regulatory Policies. - Bologna : Bonomo Editore. - 9788869721960 ; , s. 59-78
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses the application of the legal provisions established in the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, to streamline and reorganize cooperation between Government agencies with maritime security tasks and responsibilities. It highlights the difficulties raised by the existence of a multiplicity of actors involved in maritime security and identifies barriers in attempts from the Designated Authority and Administrations to assign duties among all stakeholders to cope with maritime security threats and ensure compliance with maritime security guidelines. Three obstacles for an effective and efficient allocation of duties will be discussed within the framework of maritime security, focusing on the requirements of the mentioned Code, which was incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 as amended, through chapter XI-2 on “Special Measures to Enhance Maritime Security”, that entered into force on July 1, 2004. These are: a) absence of public official and fully up-dated maritime security incident statistics; b) lack of awareness and knowledge about types of security incidents versus safety accidents, or the so called safety near-misses and; c) poor collaboration among State agencies concerning information sharing about specific security duties, a situation often generating duplication of tasks and preventing relevant work to be considered into maritime security management at different levels. The authors conclude that the production and official publication of maritime security incident statistics, as well as the establishment of procedures and processes for effective information sharing, along with clear specification for each agency involvement and necessary distribution to carry on the constant responsibility of managing security risks, are necessary to improve compliance of maritime security guidelines and give a step forward into securing the territorial sea and our oceans. Finally, the authors highly recommend that Governments and international institutions, including the European Union (EU) and particularly Eurostat, as the statistical office of the EU, starts the production and official publication of relevant statistics, with a clear distinction between maritime security incidents and maritime accidents.
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