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- Linton, Steven J., 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological factors related to health, back pain, and dysfunction
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of occupational rehabilitation. - : Springer. - 1053-0487 .- 1573-3688. ; 4:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychosocial variables may be important determinants of experienced back pain as well as dysfunction. This paper reports on differences on a battery of psychosocial variables between women, from the same work place, off work because of back pain, having only back pain (not off work), and those without back pain. The groups suffering pain had similar levels of pain intensity and frequency and the covariates of age and work load were used in MANCOVA analyses. The results showed significant overall differences on the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Handicap Index, Duke Health Profile, as well as items concerning family support and the relation of pain to work. Several variables differed between the Healthy group on the one hand and the two groups suffering pain on the other hand. However, coping strategies and perceived health produced significant differences between all three groups in univariate analyses. Unlike other studies the Work APGAR produced no significant results. These data suggest that work status is not directly related to pain intensity, but rather to an interaction between psychosocial factors and the pain experience. Future research should delineate which variables may be used in screening.
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| 4. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-
(författare)
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The Prediction of Traffic Accident Involvement from Driving Behavior
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the studies was to predict individual traffic accident involvement by the quantification of driving style in terms of speed changes, using bus drivers as subjects. An accident database was constructed from the archives of the bus company whose drivers were used as subjects. The dependent variable was also discussed regarding whether responsibility for crashes should be included, and what time period to use for optimal prediction. A new theory was constructed about how accidents are caused by driver behavior, more specifically the control movements of the driver, i.e. all actions taken which influence the relative motion of the vehicle in a level plane when v>0. This theory states that all traffic safety related behavior can be measured as celerations (change of speed of the vehicle in any direction of a level plane) and summed. This theoretical total sum is a measure of a person's liability to cause accidents over the same time period within a homogenous traffic environment and a similarly homogenous driving population. Empirically, the theory predicts a positive correlation between mean driver celeration behavior and accident record. The theory was tested in three empirical studies. The first tested equipment and methods, the second studied the question whether driver celeration behavior is stable over time. Celeration behavior turned out to be rather variable between days, and repeated measurements were therefore needed to stabilize the measure. In the third study, a much larger amount of data brought out correlations of sizes sufficient to lend some credibility to the theory. However, the predictive power did not extend beyond two years of time. The reported results would seem to imply that the celeration variable can predict accident involvement (at least for bus drivers), and is practical to use, as it is easily and objectively measured and semi-stable over time.
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| 7. |
- Alm, Jan, 1947-
(författare)
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Dyslexia: Relevance of Concepts, Validity of Measurements, and Cognitive Functions
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis opens with an exposition of different uses of the term dyslexia. In that context its conceptual relevance is discussed. The empirical studies investigate a) different aspects of validity of cognitive and achievement instruments often used in diagnostic assessment of dyslexia, b) different cognitive profiles for adults with dyslexia, and c) the relationship between cognitive and achievement measures.Study I demonstrated the factor structure of the Swedish WAIS-R to be in close agreement with results of comparable analyses on normal and clinical groups in many countries world-wide, giving strong support for the construct validity of the Swedish WAIS-R for a group of adults diagnosed with dyslexia. The results from the three-factor solution were interpreted in terms of theoretical constructs, notably those posited by Carroll (1993) and Horn (1989).The cognitive profiles of a sample of Swedish adults diagnosed with dyslexia—when using the three factors, the ACID profile, and the four-category Bannatyne profile—all resemble closely the profiles observed for a wide array of U.S. samples of children and adults diagnosed with dyslexia or learning disabilities. Gender differences on Digit Symbol, favoring females, were substantial in magnitude for the present sample, consistent with a bulk of research on gender differences for samples of normal individuals and of those identified with learning problems.In Study II, factor analysis of nine Swedish achievement tests often used for dyslexia assessment yielded five meaningful factors in a group of adults diagnosed with dyslexia. Factors appeared to measure decoding, visual speed, reading comprehension, reading fluency, and phonological ability. The relationship between the five achievement factors and WAIS-R variables was subsequently examined. The Visual Speed and Reading Comprehension factors each correlated significantly with four of six global WAIS-R scores (two of three IQs and two of three factor scores). Visual Speed tended to correlate significantly with nonverbal scores and Reading Comprehension with verbal scores. Although the Phonological Ability factor did not correlate significantly with any verbal or nonverbal global score, it did correlate significantly with the Freedom from Distractibility factor and with all its component subtests—Digit Span, Arithmetic, and Digit Symbol. Decoding (technical reading skill) showed no significant relationship to any WAIS-R variable studied. More surprisingly, the Reading Fluency factor failed to show significant relationships to the WAIS-R.Study III examined the validity of The Word Chain Test, a frequently used instrument in Swedish screening and diagnostic assessments of dyslexia. Different sources of validity evidence were evaluated. In summary, the results failed to support validity both for the WRI-index and the Wordchain subtest, suggesting that the instrument seems to be of questionable value in screening or diagnostic assessment of dyslexia.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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A review of psychological treatment approaches for patients suffering from tinnitus
- 1995
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Ingår i: ANNALS OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE. - : SOC BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE. - 0883-6612. ; 17:4, s. 357-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Disabling tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear) is a condition experienced by at least 1-2% of the population. Since medical and technical treatments are only partly successful, several psychological treatment approaches have been applied in the treat
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- Andersson, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioural hearing tactics. : A controlled trial of a short treatment programme.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 35:6, s. 523-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Nineteen elderly hearing impaired subjects participated in an experimental treatment study and received either behavioural hearing tactics or served as untreated controls. Treatment was supplied in the form of a self-help treatment manual supplied with telephone contacts during 4 consecutive weeks. The treatment manual included applied relaxation, communication strategies training, advice to relatives, information, and coping skills. Assessments (pre-post) were conducted in a structured interview measuring coping behaviour. In order to evoke behavioural compensation small acoustic provocations were included in the interview. Pre-post assessments also included questionnaires, daily registered hearing problems, and hours of daily hearing aid use. Results showed significant beneficial effects in favour of the treatment in terms of self-assessed problems and behaviour change.
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