| 1. |
- Davies, J. I., et al.
(författare)
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Global surgery, obstetric, and anaesthesia indicator definitions and reporting: An Utstein consensus report
- 2021
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Ingår i: Plos Medicine. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 18:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Indicators to evaluate progress towards timely access to safe surgical, anaesthesia, and obstetric (SAO) care were proposed in 2015 by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. These aimed to capture access to surgery, surgical workforce, surgical volume, perioperative mortality rate, and catastrophic and impoverishing financial consequences of surgery. Despite being rapidly taken up by practitioners, data points from which to derive the indicators were not defined, limiting comparability across time or settings. We convened global experts to evaluate and explicitly define-for the first time-the indicators to improve comparability and support achievement of 2030 goals to improve access to safe affordable surgical and anaesthesia care globally. Methods and findings The Utstein process for developing and reporting guidelines through a consensus building process was followed. In-person discussions at a 2-day meeting were followed by an iterative process conducted by email and virtual group meetings until consensus was reached. The meeting was held between June 16 to 18, 2019; discussions continued until August 2020. Participants consisted of experts in surgery, anaesthesia, and obstetric care, data science, and health indicators from high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Considering each of the 6 indicators in turn, we refined overarching descriptions and agreed upon data points needed for construction of each indicator at current time (basic data points), and as each evolves over 2 to 5 (intermediate) and >5 year (full) time frames. We removed one of the original 6 indicators (one of 2 financial risk protection indicators was eliminated) and refined descriptions and defined data points required to construct the 5 remaining indicators: geospatial access, workforce, surgical volume, perioperative mortality, and catastrophic expenditure. A strength of the process was the number of people from global institutes and multilateral agencies involved in the collection and reporting of global health metrics; a limitation was the limited number of participants from low- or middle-income countries-who only made up 21% of the total attendees. Conclusions To track global progress towards timely access to quality SAO care, these indicators-at the basic level-should be implemented universally as soon as possible. Intermediate and full indicator sets should be achieved by all countries over time. Meanwhile, these evolutions can assist in the short term in developing national surgical plans and collecting more detailed data for research studies.
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| 2. |
- Ye, L, et al.
(författare)
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Thyroid receptor ligands. 1. Agonist ligands selective for the thyroid receptor beta1.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. ; 24;46:9, s. 1580-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endogenous thyroid receptor hormones 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (T(4), 1) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3), 2) exert a significant effects on growth, development, and homeostasis in mammals. They regulate important genes in intestinal, skeletal, and cardiac muscles, the liver, and the central nervous system, influence overall metabolic rate, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and heart rate, and affect mood and overall sense of well being. The literature suggests many or most effects of thyroid hormones on the heart, in particular on the heart rate and rhythm, are mediated through the TRalpha(1) isoform, while most actions of the hormones on the liver and other tissues are mediated more through the TRbeta(1) isoform of the receptor. Some effects of thyroid hormones may be therapeutically useful in nonthyroid disorders if adverse effects can be minimized or eliminated. These potentially useful features include weight reduction for the treatment of obesity, cholesterol lowering for treating hyperlipidemia, amelioration of depression, and stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis. Prior attempts to utilize thyroid hormones pharmacologically to treat these disorders have been limited by manifestations of hyperthyroidism and, in particular, cardiovascular toxicity. Consequently, development of thyroid hormone receptor agonists that are selective for the beta-isoform could lead to safe therapies for these common disorders while avoiding cardiotoxicity. We describe here the synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel TR ligands, which are selective for TRbeta(1) over TRalpha(1). These ligands could potentially be useful for treatment of various disorders as outlined above. From a series of homologous R(1)-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, increasing chain length was found to have a profound effect on affinity and selectivity in a radioreceptor binding assay for the human thyroid hormone receptors alpha(1) and beta(1) (TRalpha(1) and TRbeta(2)) as well as a reporter cell assay employing CHOK1-cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells) stably transfected with hTRalpha(1) or hTRbeta(1) and an alkaline phosphatase reporter-gene downstream thyroid response element (TRAFalpha(1) and TRAFbeta(1)). Affinity increases in the order formic, acetic, and propionic acid, while beta-selectivity is highest when the R(1) position is substituted with acetic acid. Within this series 3,5-dibromo-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-isopropylphenoxy)phenyl]acetic acid (11a) and 3,5-dichloro-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-isopropylphenoxy)phenyl]acetic acid (15) were found to reveal the most promising in vitro data based on isoform selectivity and were selected for further in vivo studies. The effect of 2, 11a, and 15 in a cholesterol-fed rat model was monitored including potencies for heart rate (ED(15)), cholesterol (ED(50)), and TSH (ED(50)). Potency for tachycardia was significantly reduced for the TRbeta selective compounds 11a and 15 compared with 2, while both 11a and 15 retained the cholesterol-lowering potency of 2. This left an approximately 10-fold therapeutic window between heart rate and cholesterol, which is consistent with the action of ligands that are approximately 10-fold more selective for TRbeta(1). We also report the X-ray crystallographic structures of the ligand binding domains of TRalpha and TRbeta in complex with 15. These structures reveal that the single amino acid difference in the ligand binding pocket (Ser277 in TRalpha or Asn331 in TRbeta) results in a slightly different hydrogen bonding pattern that may explain the increased beta-selectivity of 15.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Mellin, Pelle, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass availability in Sweden for use in blast furnaces : International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2014
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 1352-1355
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the type of BF operated in Sweden, the pulverized coal (PC) has primarily been considered replaceable. If replacing the PC, a reduction of 1.25 Mton CO2 annually is possible, which would require approximately 4 TWh charcoal (0.46 Mton) or 7.14 TWh of dry raw biomass. This amount of biomass is substantial and availability is the main concern discussed in this paper. Uncertainty of the future biomass supply makes predictions beyond 2030 difficult. However, the predictions used in this work indicate that there is an unused potential, which could cover the need of all PCI in Sweden. Other aspects could potentially limit the proportion of PCI replaced by biomass, which should be further investigated.
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| 5. |
- Mellin, Pelle, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting argon trapped in reference samples made by hot isostatic pressing
- 2016
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Ingår i: World PM 2016 Congress and Exhibition. - : European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA). - 9781899072484
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We reveal in this paper a procedure to make reference materials containing a known level of Ar. Risk assessment when detecting Ar in a production material is based on the content relative to a specified safety limit (usually 50 ngAr/gsteel). Hence we only need to know if a production material contains more or less than this limit. Now, we can produce material at this limit. To evaluate, we use two types of instruments, on the following contents: 24, 48, 71, 95 and ngAr/gsteel. We found that all instruments could distinguish a higher and a lower level, from the safety limit. These contents are close to the lowest detectable limit for both instruments. The instruments are a G8 Galileo from Bruker Elemental and an ELTRA-Werf (several units) from Takon AB. The mechanisms of Argon segregation are reflected upon as the need for a uniform distribution in reference samples is important. Especially if one would do the instrument calibration solely based on reference samples in the future.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Wang, C., et al.
(författare)
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Injecting different types of biomass products to the blast furnace and their impacts on the CO2 emission reduction
- 2015
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Ingår i: AISTech - Iron and Steel Technology Conference Proceedings. - : Association for Iron and Steel Technology, AISTECH. - 9781935117476 ; , s. 1525-1535
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years more research has been focusing on utilizing biomass in the blast furnaces (BFs). One driving force is linked to the climate change mitigation, i.e. to reduce CO2 emission from fossil reducing agents or fuels, by using biomass. The amounts of biomass that could be utilized in BF is limited by different parameters, such as metallurgical properties of reducing agents, fuel properties such as volatile content, fixed carbon and oxygen content, ash chemistry (S, Na2O, K2O, etc.). In this paper, different types of biomass products in the form of solid, liquid and gas are investigated as injectants to the blast furnace. The modelling work has been done for a BF from a Nordic country. The possible amounts of injected biomass products are presented. With the replacement ratios of pulverized coal (PC), the potential CO2emission reduction when injecting different biomass products is quantified. In addition, the strategy of using biomass at the studied iron-making plant is discussed. AISTech 2015 Proceedings
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| 8. |
- Wang, C., et al.
(författare)
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Injection of solid biomass products into the blast furnace and its potential effects on an integrated steel plant
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; , s. 2184-2187
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is to investigate different types of biomass products' injection into the blast furnace (BF) to replace pulverized coal injection (PCI). The biomass products covered in the study are charcoal, torrefied material and wood pellets on the basis of Swedish forests. The modelling work has been performed in a specialized BF model. The modelling results show that charcoal has the significant effects on the BF operation. PCI can be replaced fully by charcoal, and only limited amount of torrefied material and wood pellets can be injected into BF. For the studied BF, the annual CO2 emission reduction potential from the replaced amount of PCI when injecting charcoal, torrefied material and wood pellets are about 1140 kton, 260 kton and 230 kton, respectively. In addition, a possible energy saving can be achieved for charcoal injection. A slightly higher P content in the hot metal may occur when injecting torrefied material.
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