| 1. |
- Anxo, Dominique, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Differences in Time-Use over the Life Course : a Comparative Analysis of France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States
- 2011
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Ingår i: Feminist Economics. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1354-5701 .- 1466-4372. ; 17:3, s. 159-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. Inorder to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, familypolicies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s andearly 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determinesthat institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course.
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| 2. |
- Anxo, Dominique, et al.
(författare)
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Time Allocation between Work and Family over the Life-Cycle : A Comparative Gender Analysis of Italy, France, Sweden
- 2007
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article analyses the extent to which changes in household composition over the life course affect the gender division of labour. It identifies and analyses cross-country disparities between France, Italy, Sweden and United States, using most recent data available from the Time Use National Surveys. We focus on gender differences in the allocation of time between market work, domestic work and leisure over the life-cycle. In order to map the lifecycle, we distinguish between nine key cross-country comparable life stages according to age and family structure such as exiting parental home, union formation, parenthood, and retiring from work. By using appropriate regression techniques (Tobit with selection, Tobit and OLS), we show large discrepancies in the gender division of labour at the different life stages. This gender gap exists in all countries at any stage of the life course, but is usually smaller at the two ends of the age distribution, and larger with parenthood. Beyond social norms, the impact of parenthood on time allocation varies across countries, being smaller in those where work-family balance policies are more effective and traditionally well established.
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| 3. |
- Cooke, Lynn Prince, et al.
(författare)
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Labor and Love : Wives' Employment and Divorce Risk in its Socio-Political Context
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 20:4, s. 482-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-à-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment.
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